HIV-1 protease (PR) is an essential enzyme for viral production. Thus, PR inhibitors (PIs) are the most effective class of anti-HIV drugs. However, the main challenge to the successful use of PI drugs in patie...
Authors: Zsigmond Benko, Dong Liang, Ge Li, Robert T. Elder, Anindya Sarkar, Jun Takayama, Arun K. Ghosh and Richard Y. Zhao
Zfp819, a member of the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) family, encodes a spermatogenic cell-specific transcription factor. Zfp819-overexpression induces apoptosis and inhibits prolifera...
Authors: Sora Jin, Heejin Choi, Jun Tae Kwon, Jihye Kim, Juri Jeong, Jaehwan Kim, Seong Hyeon Hong and Chunghee Cho
Massive liquid crystal droplets have been found during embryonic development in more than twenty different tissues and organs, including the liver, brain and kidney. Liquid crystal deposits have also been iden...
Authors: MengMeng Xu, Odell D. Jones, Liyang Wang, Xin Zhou, Harry G. Davis, Joseph L. Bryant, Jianjie Ma, Willian B. Isaacs and Xuehong Xu
Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively investigated with regards to different aspects, including the analysis of cell intracellular and extracellular proteome, cell gene expr...
Authors: Jakub Grzesiak, Agnieszka Śmieszek and Krzysztof Marycz
Antimicrotubule agent vincristine (VCR) has long been known as an alternative treatment for frequent relapse nephrotic syndrome and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). However, the mechanism is unknow...
Authors: Lei Yin, Youying Mao, Hejie Song, Ye Wang, Wei Zhou and Zhen Zhang
The addition of mono-ubiquitin or poly-ubiquitin chain to signaling proteins in response to DNA damage signal is thought to be a critical event that facilitates the recognition of DNA damage lesion site, the a...
Authors: Mingjing He, Zhuan Zhou, Anil A. Shah, Haojing Zou, Jin Tao, Qianming Chen and Yong Wan
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) originates from skeletal muscle precursors that fail to differentiate. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling and primary cilia contribute to the pathobiology of RMS.
Authors: Xiaotong Liu, Qiuhong Shen, Tingting Yu, Huijie Huang, Ziyu Zhang, Jie Ding, Ying Tang, Ning Xu and Shen Yue
The generation of mutants and transgenes are indispensible for biomedical research. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, a series of methods have been developed to introduce genome modifications, including ran...
Authors: Xiangyang Chen, Xuezhu Feng and Shouhong Guang
One of the two common hallmark lesions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains is neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (p-tau). NFTs are also a defining feature of o...
Authors: Onder Albayram, Megan K. Herbert, Asami Kondo, Cheng-Yu Tsai, Sean Baxley, Xiaolan Lian, Madison Hansen, Xiao Zhen Zhou and Kun Ping Lu
Regulating cardiac differentiation to maintain normal heart development and function is very important. At present, biological functions of H19 in cardiac differentiation is not completely clear.
Authors: Yu Han, Hongdang Xu, Jiangtao Cheng, Yanwei Zhang, Chuanyu Gao, Taibing Fan, Bangtian Peng, Bin Li, Lin Liu and Zhaoyun Cheng
The ability to transform normal human cells into cancer cells with the introduction of defined genetic alterations is a valuable method for understanding the mechanisms of oncogenesis. Easy establishment of im...
Authors: Jordan L. Smith, Liam C. Lee, Abigail Read, Qiuning Li, Bing Yu, Chih-Shia Lee and Ji Luo
The serine/threonine kinase MAP4K4 is a member of the Ste20p (sterile 20 protein) family. MAP4K4 was initially discovered in 1995 as a key kinase in the mating pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and was later fo...
Authors: Xuan Gao, Chenxi Gao, Guoxiang Liu and Jing Hu
Somatic mutations of KIT are frequently found in mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), while germline mutations of KIT are rare, and only found in few cases of familial GIST and mastocytosis....
Authors: Hengning Ke, Julhash U. Kazi, Hui Zhao and Jianmin Sun
3-Nitro-4-hydroxy phenyl arsenic acid, roxarsone, is widely used as an organic arsenic feed additive for livestock and poultry, which may increase the level of arsenic in the environment and the risk of exposu...
Authors: Yujing Wang, Donglai Yin, Chao Xu, Kai Wang, Lingmin Zheng and Yumei Zhang
Cancer incidence and mortality have been increasing in China, making cancer the leading cause of death since 2010 and a major public health concern in the country. Cancer stem cells have been studied in relati...
Authors: Zhiwei Xing, Lan Yu, Xian Li and Xiulan Su
Enzyme catalysis has been studied for over a century. How it actually occurs has not been visualized until recently. By combining in crystallo reaction and X-ray diffraction analysis of reaction intermediates,...
Aside from its importance in reproduction, estrogen (E2) is known to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in rodents. However, the regulatory role of E2 in human hematopoi...
Authors: Hye-Ryun Kim, Jong-Hee Lee, Hye-Ryeon Heo, Se-Ran Yang, Kwon-Soo Ha, Won Sun Park, Eun-Taek Han, Haengseok Song and Seok-Ho Hong
The involvement of Wnt in carcinogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer is currently intensely discussed. We evaluated activation of the Wnt signaling pathway by using a Wnt reporter mouse strain express...
Authors: Dietmar Zechner, Tim Kroemer, Ann-Christin Albert, Maria Schönrogge, Tobias Radecke and Brigitte Vollmar
The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays important roles in neural development. Previous studies have implicated Eph receptors and their ligands, the ephrins, in neuronal migration, axon bundling and ...
Authors: Gitanjali Das, Qili Yu, Ryan Hui, Kenneth Reuhl, Nicholas W. Gale and Renping Zhou
General control non-depressible 5 (GCN5) is a crucial catalytic component of a transcriptional regulatory complex that plays important roles in cellular functions from cell cycle regulation to DNA damage repai...
Authors: Sidra Majaz, Zhangwei Tong, Kesong Peng, Wei Wang, Wenjing Ren, Ming Li, Kun Liu, Pingli Mo, Wengang Li and Chundong Yu
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a fast-growing silent epidemic that is present in both developed and developing countries. Initially thought as a benign deposition of lipids in the liver, it now h...
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are being discovered as a novel family of regulators of gene expression at the epigenetic level. Emerging lines of evidence demonstrate that interplays between lncRNAs and DNA me...
The complications of clinical metastatic disease are responsible for the majority of breast cancer related deaths, and fewer therapies substantially prolong survival. Nitidine chloride (NC), a natural polyphen...
Authors: Mingjuan Sun, Ning Zhang, Xiaolong Wang, Yaming Li, Wenwen Qi, Hanwen Zhang, Zengjun Li and Qifeng Yang
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by excessive synovial inflammation. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into prostaglandins. Epithelium-speci...
Authors: Chan-Mi Lee, Sahil Gupta, Jiafeng Wang, Elizabeth M. Johnson, Leslie J. Crofford, John C. Marshall, Mohit Kapoor and Jim Hu
The single-stranded RNA Flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV), has recently re-emerged and spread rapidly across the western hemisphere’s equatorial countries, primarily through Aedes mosquito transmission. While symptom...
Authors: Alyssa J. Rolfe, Dale B. Bosco, Jingying Wang, Richard S. Nowakowski, Jianqing Fan and Yi Ren
Concerted hormone secretion is essential for glucose homeostasis and growth. The oocyte testis gene 1 (Otg1) has limited information in mammals before. Human OTG1 has been identified as an antigen associated with...
Authors: Guangxue Wang, Rongbo Li, Ying Yang, Liang Cai, Sheng Ding, Tian Xu, Min Han and Xiaohui Wu
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays several important roles in vasodilation, neurotransmission, neuromodulation and neurotrophy, as well as activation of the trigeminovascular syst...
Authors: Lei Hou, Dongjun Wan, Zhao Dong, Wenjing Tang, Xun Han, Li Li, Fei Yang and Shengyuan Yu
The nematode Radopholus similis is an important migratory endoparasite of plants. Cysteine proteinases such as cathepsin S (CPS) play key roles during embryonic development, invasion, and pathogenesis in nematode...
Authors: Ke Wang, Yu Li, Xin Huang, Dong-wei Wang, Chun-ling Xu and Hui Xie
Leiomodin proteins, Lmod1, Lmod2 and Lmod3, are key regulators of the thin filament length in muscles. While Lmod1 is specifically expressed in smooth muscles, both Lmod2 and Lmod3 are expressed in striated muscl...
Authors: Shuang Li, Kaiqi Mo, Hong Tian, Chen Chu, Shuna Sun, Lei Tian, Sheng Ding, Tong-ruei Li, Xiaohui Wu, Fang Liu, Zhen Zhang, Tian Xu and Ling V. Sun
Diabetes mellitus has multiple complications including neuropathy and increases cardiovascular events. Paeoniflorin (PF), a monoterpene glycoside, plays an essential role in neuroprotection and ischemic heart ...
Authors: Fei Han, Dongchen Zhou, Xiang Yin, Zewei Sun, Jie Han, Lifang Ye, Wengting Zhao, Yuanyuan Zhang, Zhen Wang and Liangrong Zheng
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in response to hyperglycemia is an important process in the development of arterial vessel hyperplasia. The shape change of mitochondria is dynamic and closely ...
Authors: Aili Sun, Yan Wang, Jiaqi Liu, Xiangjing Yu, Yu Sun, Fan Yang, Shiyun Dong, Jichao Wu, Yajun Zhao, Changqing Xu, Fanghao Lu and Weihua Zhang
Genetic aberrations have been identified in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. There are increasing evidences that the apoptotic nuclease caspase-activated deoxy...
Authors: Sang-Nee Tan, Sai-Peng Sim and Alan S. B. Khoo
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a group of blood cancers that boost normal blood cell production in the bone marrow. Abnormal mutations in stem cells were found accompanying with the occurrence of MPN. ...
Authors: Chunjie Yu, Qiong Yang, Yuhong Chen, Demin Wang, Ross Levine, John Crispino, Qiang Wen and Zan Huang
Excessive autophagy induced by extravagant oxidative stress is the main reason for diabetes-induced vascular endothelial cells dysfunction. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has anti-oxidative effects but its regulation on ...
Authors: Jiaqi Liu, Jichao Wu, Aili Sun, Yu Sun, Xiangjing Yu, Ning Liu, Shiyun Dong, Fan Yang, Linxue Zhang, Xin Zhong, Changqing Xu, Fanghao Lu and Weihua Zhang
Molecular characterization of individual patients’ tumor cells is becoming increasingly important in offering effective treatment for patients in clinical practice. Recent advances in the field have indicated ...
Authors: Jia-Cheng Tang, Yi-Li Feng, Tao Guo, An-Yong Xie and Xiu-Jun Cai
The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix of hepatic fibrosis is positively correlated with tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1). Here we aimed to investigate whether TIMP1 may be down-reg...
Authors: Dong Jia, Yi-Ran Ni, Yan-Qiong Zhang, Chun Rao, Jun Hou, He-Qing Tang, Chang-Bai Liu and Jiang-Feng Wu
Lymphopenia promotes naïve T-cell homeostatic proliferation and adoptive effector T-cell survival and memory formation. IL-7 plays a critical role in homeostatic proliferation, survival and memory formation of...
Authors: Aizhang Xu, Kalpana Kalyanasundaram Bhanumathy, Jie Wu, Zhenmin Ye, Andrew Freywald, Scot C. Leary, Rongxiu Li and Jim Xiang
Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), one of the specific types of diabetes mellitus, is a monogenetic disorder characterized by an autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance and β-cell dysfunction. To study a...
Authors: Jing Yang, Feng Jiang, Hui Guo, Thadimacca Soniya, Chun-xia Yan, Zhu-fang Tian and Bing-yin Shi
There is a suspected link between Brazilian babies born with microcephaly and Zika virus (ZIKV) infection. However, little is know about the brain cell targets and the mechanisms that Zika virus may cause micr...
Two research groups led by Dr. Bin Gao of National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, MD, USA and Dr. Keji Zhao of National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Ins...
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a third member of gasotransmitter family along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, generated from mainly catalyzed by cystathionine-lyase, possesses important functions in the cardiovas...
Authors: Lina Li, Meixiu Li, Youyou Li, Weiming Sun, Yuehong Wang, Shuzhi Bai, Hongxia Li, Bo Wu, Guangdong Yang, Rui Wang, Lingyun Wu, Hongzhu Li and Changing Xu
The mitochondria are double membrane-bound organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. They generate most of the cell’s energy supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylati...
Authors: Sangbin Lim, Kelly R. Smith, Ssang-Taek Steve Lim, Rong Tian, Jianrong Lu and Ming Tan
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most commonly diagnosed and fatal cancer worldwide. Sclerostin domain containing protein 1 (SOSTDC1) has been found to be tumor-suppressive in several types of cancers...
Authors: Lei Liu, Shanshan Wu, Yi Yang, Junchao Cai, Xun Zhu, Jueheng Wu, Mengfeng Li and Hongyu Guan
As a consequence of a reprogrammed metabolism, cancer cells are dependent on the amino acid l-glutamine for their survival, a phenomenon that currently forms the basis for the generation of new, cancer-specific t...
Authors: Abdelmuhsen Abusneina and Eric R. Gauthier
The prognosis of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is really dismal, which urges for development of novel treatment. Baicalein is one type of flavonoids extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Huang Q...
Authors: Chunjie Yu, Jiancheng Zeng, Zhenzhen Yan, Zi Ma, Shangqin Liu and Zan Huang
The RNA guided CRISPR/Cas9 nucleases have been proven to be effective for gene disruption in various animal models including Xenopus tropicalis. The neural crest (NC) is a transient cell population during embryon...
Authors: Zhongzhen Liu, Tina Tsz Kwan Cheng, Zhaoying Shi, Ziran Liu, Yong Lei, Chengdong Wang, Weili Shi, Xiongfeng Chen, Xufeng Qi, Dongqing Cai, Bo Feng, Yi Deng, Yonglong Chen and Hui Zhao
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of varicella and zoster. The immediate-early protein, IE62 is the predominant VZ virion tegument protein, transactivating the expression of all kinetic class...
Authors: Chia-Chi Ku, Yi-Hsuan Chang, Yun Chien and Tsung-Lin Lee
Exposure of the American bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles to low temperature affects many biological processes including lipid metabolism and the thyroid hormone (TH) signaling pathway, resulting in arre...
Authors: Shunsuke Suzuki, Koichiro Awai, Akinori Ishihara and Kiyoshi Yamauchi
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common human head and neck cancers with high incidence in Southern China, Southeast Asia and North Africa. Because of its nonspecific symptoms, the early diagn...
Authors: Yuanwei Guo, Weihao Luo, Zheng Hu, Jia Li, Xiaojie Li, Huiqiu Cao, Jun Li, Bo Wen, Jian Zhang, Hao Cheng, Wangyuan Guo, Tan Tan and Dixian Luo
