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PRPP synthase (PRPS) transfers the pyrophosphate groups from ATP to ribose-5-phosphate to produce 5-phosphate ribose-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP), a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of several metabolites includ...
Excessive and unresolved neuroinflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders, such as ischemic stroke, yet there are no effective treatments. Tripartite motif-contai...
Syringomyelia is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorder resulted in separation of pain and temperature, dilation of central canal and formation of syrinx in central canal. It is unclear about mechanisms of the d...
For comprehensive studies of the brain structure and function, fluorescence imaging of the whole brain is essential. It requires large-scale volumetric imaging in cellular or molecular resolution, which could ...
Patients suffered from severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have twice the risk of developing into neurodegenerative diseases later in their life. Thus, early intervention is needed not only to treat TBI but al...
Tau protein forms neurofibrillary tangles and becomes deposited in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tau oligomers are the most reactive species, mediating neurotoxic and inflammatory activity. Microg...
Spermatogenic dysfunction is an important cause of azoospermia. Numerous studies have focused on germ-cell-related genes that lead to spermatogenic impairment. However, based on the immune-privileged character...
Hearing loss (HL) can be caused by a number of different genetic factors. Non-syndromic HL refers that HL occurs as an isolated symptom in an individual, whereas syndromic HL refers that HL is associated with ...
Urolithiasis with high prevalence and recurrence rate, has impacts on kidney injury in patients, becomes a socioeconomic and healthcare problem in worldwide. However, the biology of kidney with crystal formati...
Cysteinyl cathepsins (CTSs) are widely known to have a proteolysis function that mediates recycling of unwanted proteins in endosomes and lysosomes, and investigation of CTSs has greatly improved with advances...
Chronic stress exposure increases the risk of mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a hub for controlling stress responses through communicating with mul...
Tumor hypoxia stimulates release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that facilitate short- and long-range intercellular communication and metastatization. Albeit hypoxia and EVs release are known features of Neur...
Extended pluripotent stem cells (EPSCs) can contribute to both embryonic and trophectoderm-derived extraembryonic tissues. Therefore, EPSCs have great application significance for both research and industry. H...
Ferroptosis is a unique cell death, dependent on iron and phospholipid peroxidation, involved in massive processes of physiopathology. Tremendous attention has been caught in oncology, particularly for those t...
Stress granules (SGs) are non-enveloped structures formed primarily via protein and RNA aggregation under various stress conditions, including hypoxia and viral infection, as well as oxidative, osmotic, and he...
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a classical exogenous synthetic ligand of AHR that has significant immunotoxic effects....
ISGylation is a post-translational protein modification that regulates many life activities, including immunomodulation, antiviral responses, and embryo implantation. The exact contribution of ISGylation to fo...
Targeted genome editing is a powerful tool for studying gene function in almost every aspect of biological and pathological processes. The most widely used genome editing approach is to introduce engineered en...
Meiotic recombination is initiated by Spo11-dependent programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that are preferentially concentrated within genomic regions called hotspots; however, the factor(s) that specify...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a critical metabolite that acts as a cofactor in energy metabolism, and serves as a cosubstrate for non-redox NAD+-dependent enzymes, including sirtuins, CD38 and poly(...
Ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation can lead to skin damage and premature skin aging known as photoaging. This work found that UVA irradiation caused an imbalance between dermal matrix synthesis and degradation th...
Where the gene is expressed determines the function of the gene. Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) encodes a tropic factor and is genetically linked with several neuropsychiatry diseases such as schizophrenia, bipolar disor...
. Up to 20% of people with HIV (PWH) who undergo virologically suppressed antiretroviral therapy (ART) fail to experience complete immune restoration. We recently reported that plasma anti-CD4 IgG (antiCD4IgG)...
Chronic cholestatic liver diseases, such as primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), are associated with bile stasis and gradually progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver ...
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is critical for cytosolic DNA-sensing and the subsequent immune responses. The inappropriate activation of this pathway leads to DN...
Mutations in the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene result in hyper-IgE syndrome(HIES), a rare immunodeficiency that causes abnormalities in immune system, bones and teeth. However,...
Cholesterol plays a vital role in multiple physiological processes. Cellular uptake of cholesterol is mediated primarily through endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. New modifiers of this pro...
B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) is a transcription repressor that plays a tumor suppressor or promoting role in various tumors. However, its function and molecular mechanism in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. Fer...
Tumor resistance is a frequent cause of therapy failure and remains a major challenge for the long-term management of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to determine the implication of the tigh...
Spermatogenesis depends on the supporting of the Sertoli cells and their communications with germ cells. However, the regulation of crosstalk between the Sertoli cells and germ cells remains unclear.
Slit and Robo are evolutionarily conserved ligand and receptor proteins, respectively, but the number of slit and robo gene paralogs varies across recent bilaterian genomes. Previous studies indicate that this li...
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are considered to be involved in several physiological and pathophysiological processes in addition to the progression of neurological disorders. However, how NMDARs are in...
The original article was published in Cell & Bioscience 2023 13:42
The ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal systems collaborate in regulating the levels of intracellular proteins. Dysregulation of protein homeostasis is a central feature of malignancy. The gene encodi...
Bivalent genes, of which promoters are marked by both H3K4me3 (trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 4) and H3K27me3 (trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27), play critical roles in development and tumorig...
Transmembrane emp24 domain containing (TMED) proteins are known to play pivotal roles in normal development, but have been reported to be implicated in pancreatic disease, immune system disorders, and cancers....
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various liver diseases. However, there are no effective prevention and treatment strategies. We aimed to determine...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis and recurrence lead to therapy failure, which are closely associated with the proteome. However, the role of post-translational modification (PTM) in HCC, especially f...
The aim of the present study was to elucidate the evolutionary trajectory of colon cells from normal colon mucosa, to adenoma, then to carcinoma in the same microenvironment. Normal colon, adenoma and carcinom...
Previous studies have shown that bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is almost exclusively produced in the liver and reaches tissues throughout the body as a secreted protein. However, the mechanism of BMP9 ac...
Prostate cancer (PC) represents the most diagnosed and the second most lethal cancer in men worldwide. Its development and progression occur in concert with alterations in the surrounding tumor microenvironmen...
The tetraspanins (TSPANs) are a family of four-transmembrane proteins with 33 members in mammals. They are variably expressed on the cell surface, various intracellular organelles and vesicles in nearly all ce...
Fetal hypoxia causes vital, systemic, developmental malformations in the fetus, particularly in the brain, and increases the risk of diseases in later life. We previously demonstrated that fetal hypoxia exposu...
To study the protective effects of delayed remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) against spinal cord ischemia–reperfusion injury (SCIRI) in mice and determine whether SIRT3 is involved in this protection and ...
Sphincter dysfunction often occurs at the end of tubule organs such as the urethra, anus, or gastroesophageal sphincters. It is the primary consequence of neuromuscular impairment caused by trauma, inflammatio...
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in irreversible sensory and motor disability with no effective treatment currently. After SCI, infiltrated macrophages accumulate in epicenter through destructed blood-spina...
The original article was published in Cell & Bioscience 2019 9:34
Glucose homeostasis is dependent on functional pancreatic α and ß cells. The mechanisms underlying the generation and maturation of these endocrine cells remain unclear.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by a polyetiological origin. Despite the global burden of AD and the advances made in AD drug research and development, the cure of the disease remains elusive, since ...
NK cell is one of innate immune cells and can protect the body from cancer-initiating cells. It has been reported that GPR116 receptor is involved in inflammation and tumors. However, the effect of GPR116 recepto...