Conner SD, Schmid SL. Regulated portals of entry into the cell. Nature. 2003;422:37–44.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Bareford LM, Swaan PW. Endocytic mechanisms for targeted drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007;59:748–58.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kocaturk NM, Gozuacik D. Crosstalk between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2018;6:128.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kaushik S, Rodriguez-Navarro JA, Arias E, Kiffin R, Sahu S, Schwartz GJ, Cuervo AM, Singh R. Autophagy in hypothalamic AgRP neurons regulates food intake and energy balance. Cell Metab. 2011;14:173–83.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Mizushima N, Komatsu M. Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Cell. 2011;147:728–41.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Huotari J, Helenius A. Endosome maturation. The EMBO journal. 2011;30:3481–500.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Gudbergsson JM, Johnsen KB. Exosomes and autophagy: rekindling the vesicular waste hypothesis. J Cell Commun Signal. 2019;13:443–50.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rezaie J, Rahbarghazi R, Pezeshki M, Mazhar M, Yekani F, Khaksar M, Shokrollahi E, Amini H, Hashemzadeh S, Sokullu SE. Cardioprotective role of extracellular vesicles: a highlight on exosome beneficial effects in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234:21732–45.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Raposo G, Stoorvogel W. Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol. 2013;200:373–83.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Lehmann BD, Paine MS, Brooks AM, McCubrey JA, Renegar RH, Wang R, Terrian DM. Senescence-associated exosome release from human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68:7864–71.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Pan B-T, Teng K, Wu C, Adam M, Johnstone RM. Electron microscopic evidence for externalization of the transferrin receptor in vesicular form in sheep reticulocytes. J Cell Biol. 1985;101:942–8.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Klionsky DJ, Abdelmohsen K, Abe A, Abedin MJ, Abeliovich H, Acevedo Arozena A, Adachi H, Adams CM, Adams PD, Adeli K. Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy. Autophagy. 2016;12:1–222.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease. Cell. 2008;132:27–42.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Levine B, Mizushima N, Virgin HW. Autophagy in immunity and inflammation. Nature. 2011;469:323–35.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Baixauli F, López-Otín C, Mittelbrunn M. Exosomes and autophagy: coordinated mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular fitness. Front Immunol. 2014;5:403.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Levine B, Kroemer G. Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective. Cell. 2019;176:11–42.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Gatica D, Lahiri V, Klionsky DJ. Cargo recognition and degradation by selective autophagy. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20:233.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Epple UD, Suriapranata I, Eskelinen E-L, Thumm M. Aut5/Cvt17p, a putative lipase essential for disintegration of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole. J Bacteriol. 2001;183:5942–55.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Stromhaug PE, Klionsky DJ. Approaching the molecular mechanism of autophagy. Traffic. 2001;2:524–31.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dikic I, Elazar Z. Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018;19:349–64.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
He C, Klionsky DJ. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy. Annu Rev Genet. 2009;43:67.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Hardie DG. AMPK and autophagy get connected. EMBO J. 2011;30:634–5.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Van Niel G, D’Angelo G, Raposo G. Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2018;19:213–28.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kowal J, Tkach M, Théry C. Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2014;29:116–25.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nawaz M, Fatima F, Vallabhaneni KC, Penfornis P, Valadi H, Ekström K, Kholia S, Whitt JD, Fernandes JD, Pochampally R. Extracellular vesicles: evolving factors in stem cell biology. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1073140.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Keller S, Sanderson MP, Stoeck A, Altevogt P. Exosomes: from biogenesis and secretion to biological function. Immunol Lett. 2006;107:102–8.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Rezaie J, Nejati V, Khaksar M, Oryan A, Aghamohamadzadeh N, Shariatzadeh MA, Rahbarghazi R, Mehranjani MS. Diabetic sera disrupted the normal exosome signaling pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Cell Tissue Res. 2018;374:555–65.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jabbari N, Nawaz M, Rezaie J. Ionizing radiation increases the activity of exosomal secretory pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells: a possible way to communicate resistance against radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:3649.
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Théry C, Zitvogel L, Amigorena S. Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol. 2002;2:569–79.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Tang WH. Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential. Cell Biosci. 2019;9:19.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Crenshaw BJ, Gu L, Sims B, Matthews QL. Exosome biogenesis and biological function in response to viral infections. Open Virol J. 2018;12:134–48.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK. Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 2018;7:1535750.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255–89.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, Schwille P, Brügger B, Simons M. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science. 2008;319:1244–7.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Nazarenko I, Rana S, Baumann A, McAlear J, Hellwig A, Trendelenburg M, Lochnit G, Preissner KT, Zöller M. Cell surface tetraspanin Tspan8 contributes to molecular pathways of exosome-induced endothelial cell activation. Cancer Res. 2010;70:1668–78.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Chairoungdua A, Smith DL, Pochard P, Hull M, Caplan MJ. Exosome release of β-catenin: a novel mechanism that antagonizes Wnt signaling. J Cell Biol. 2010;190:1079–91.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ghossoub R, Lembo F, Rubio A, Gaillard CB, Bouchet J, Vitale N, Slavík J, Machala M, Zimmermann P. Syntenin-ALIX exosome biogenesis and budding into multivesicular bodies are controlled by ARF6 and PLD2. Nature communications. 2014;5:1–12.
Google Scholar
Colombo M, Moita C, van Niel G, Kowal J, Vigneron J, Benaroch P, Manel N, Moita LF, Théry C, Raposo G. Analysis of ESCRT functions in exosome biogenesis, composition and secretion highlights the heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles. J Cell Sci. 2013;126:5553–65.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fevrier B, Raposo G. Exosomes: endosomal-derived vesicles shipping extracellular messages. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2004;16:415–21.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Robbins PD, Morelli AE. Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:195–208.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Blanc L, Vidal M. New insights into the function of Rab GTPases in the context of exosomal secretion. Small GTPases. 2018;9:95–106.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hessvik NP, Llorente A. Current knowledge on exosome biogenesis and release. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2018;75:193–208.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Bhattacharya S, Pal K, Sharma AK, Dutta SK, Lau JS, Yan IK, Wang E, Elkhanany A, Alkharfy KM, Sanyal A. GAIP interacting protein C-terminus regulates autophagy and exosome biogenesis of pancreatic cancer through metabolic pathways. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e114409.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nair U, Jotwani A, Geng J, Gammoh N, Richerson D, Yen W-L, Griffith J, Nag S, Wang K, Moss T. SNARE proteins are required for macroautophagy. Cell. 2011;146:290–302.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Fader CM, Sánchez DG, Mestre MB, Colombo MI. TI-VAMP/VAMP7 and VAMP3/cellubrevin: two v-SNARE proteins involved in specific steps of the autophagy/multivesicular body pathways. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2009;1793:1901–16.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Puri C, Vicinanza M, Ashkenazi A, Gratian MJ, Zhang Q, Bento CF, Renna M, Menzies FM, Rubinsztein DC. The RAB11A-positive compartment is a primary platform for autophagosome assembly mediated by WIPI2 recognition of PI3P-RAB11A. Dev Cell. 2018;45(114–31):e8.
Google Scholar
Baietti MF, Zhang Z, Mortier E, Melchior A, Degeest G, Geeraerts A, Ivarsson Y, Depoortere F, Coomans C, Vermeiren E. Syndecan–syntenin–ALIX regulates the biogenesis of exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;14:677–85.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Hurley JH, Odorizzi G. Get on the exosome bus with ALIX. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;14:654.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Murrow L, Malhotra R, Debnath J. ATG12–ATG3 interacts with Alix to promote basal autophagic flux and late endosome function. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:300.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ponpuak M, Mandell MA, Kimura T, Chauhan S, Cleyrat C, Deretic V. Secretory autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2015;35:106–16.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Guo H, Chitiprolu M, Roncevic L, Javalet C, Hemming FJ, Trung MT, Meng L, Latreille E, de Souza CT, McCulloch D. Atg5 disassociates the V1V0-ATPase to promote exosome production and tumor metastasis independent of canonical macroautophagy. Dev Cell. 2017;43(716–30):e7.
Google Scholar
Bader C, Shandala T, Ng Y, Johnson I, Brooks D. Atg9 is required for intraluminal vesicles in amphisomes and autolysosomes. Biology open. 2015;4:1345–55.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kihara A, Noda T, Ishihara N, Ohsumi Y. Two distinct Vps34 phosphatidylinositol 3–kinase complexes function in autophagy and carboxypeptidase Y Sorting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol. 2001;152:519–30.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Martinez J, Malireddi RS, Lu Q, Cunha LD, Pelletier S, Gingras S, Orchard R, Guan J-L, Tan H, Peng J. Molecular characterization of LC3-associated phagocytosis reveals distinct roles for Rubicon, NOX2 and autophagy proteins. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:893–906.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sun Q, Westphal W, Wong KN, Tan I, Zhong Q. Rubicon controls endosome maturation as a Rab7 effector. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107:19338–43.
PubMed
CAS
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu J, Zhang Y, Liu A, Wang J, Li L, Chen X, Gao X, Xue Y, Zhang X, Liu Y. Distinct dasatinib-induced mechanisms of apoptotic response and exosome release in imatinib-resistant human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:531.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sanchez-Wandelmer J, Reggiori F. Amphisomes: out of the autophagosome shadow? EMBO J. 2013;32:3116–8.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Fader CM, Sánchez D, Furlán M, Colombo MI. Induction of autophagy promotes fusion of multivesicular bodies with autophagic vacuoles in k562 cells. Traffic. 2008;9:230–50.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Villarroya-Beltri C, Baixauli F, Mittelbrunn M, Fernández-Delgado I, Torralba D, Moreno-Gonzalo O, Baldanta S, Enrich C, Guerra S, Sánchez-Madrid F. ISGylation controls exosome secretion by promoting lysosomal degradation of MVB proteins. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13588.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Hurwitz SN, Cheerathodi MR, Nkosi D, York SB, Meckes DG. Tetraspanin CD63 bridges autophagic and endosomal processes to regulate exosomal secretion and intracellular signaling of Epstein-Barr virus LMP1. J Virol. 2018;92:e01969.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Patel KK, Miyoshi H, Beatty WL, Head RD, Malvin NP, Cadwell K, Guan JL, Saitoh T, Akira S, Seglen PO. Autophagy proteins control goblet cell function by potentiating reactive oxygen species production. EMBO J. 2013;32:3130–44.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen Y-D, Fang Y-T, Cheng Y-L, Lin C-F, Hsu L-J, Wang S-Y, Anderson R, Chang C-P, Lin Y-S. Exophagy of annexin A2 via RAB11, RAB8A and RAB27A in IFN-γ-stimulated lung epithelial cells. Scientific reports. 2017;7:5676.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang M, Kenny SJ, Ge L, Xu K, Schekman R. Translocation of interleukin-1β into a vesicle intermediate in autophagy-mediated secretion. Elife. 2015;4:e11205.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kimura T, Jia J, Kumar S, Choi SW, Gu Y, Mudd M, Dupont N, Jiang S, Peters R, Farzam F. Dedicated SNAREs and specialized TRIM cargo receptors mediate secretory autophagy. EMBO J. 2017;36:42–60.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Dupont N, Jiang S, Pilli M, Ornatowski W, Bhattacharya D, Deretic V. Autophagy-based unconventional secretory pathway for extracellular delivery of IL-1β. EMBO J. 2011;30:4701–11.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Quesada-López T, Cereijo R, Turatsinze J-V, Planavila A, Cairó M, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Peyrou M, Moure R, Iglesias R, Giralt M, et al. The lipid sensor GPR120 promotes brown fat activation and FGF21 release from adipocytes. Nat Commun. 2016;7:13479.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Tai H, Wang Z, Gong H, Han X, Zhou J, Wang X, Wei X, Ding Y, Huang N, Qin J. Autophagy impairment with lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction is an important characteristic of oxidative stress-induced senescence. Autophagy. 2017;13:99–113.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Leidal AM, Levine B, Debnath J. Autophagy and the cell biology of age-related disease. Nat Cell Biol. 2018;20:1338–48.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kumar D, Gupta D, Shankar S, Srivastava RK. Biomolecular characterization of exosomes released from cancer stem cells: possible implications for biomarker and treatment of cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6:3280–91.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jiang X, Lew K-S, Chen Q, Richards AM, Wang P. Human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes reduce ischemia/reperfusion injury by the inhibitions of apoptosis and autophagy. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24:5334–41.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jin J, Shi Y, Gong J, Zhao L, Li Y, He Q, Huang H. Exosome secreted from adipose-derived stem cells attenuates diabetic nephropathy by promoting autophagy flux and inhibiting apoptosis in podocyte. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10:95.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Fujita Y, Araya J, Ito S, Kobayashi K, Kosaka N, Yoshioka Y, Kadota T, Hara H, Kuwano K, Ochiya T. Suppression of autophagy by extracellular vesicles promotes myofibroblast differentiation in COPD pathogenesis. Journal of extracellular vesicles. 2015;4:28388.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tian J, Popal MS, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Chen K, Liu Y. Interplay between exosomes and autophagy in cardiovascular diseases: novel promising target for diagnostic and therapeutic application. Aging Dis. 2019;10:1302.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Shi H, Yuan X, Jiang P, Qian H, Xu W. Tumor-derived exosomes induce N2 polarization of neutrophils to promote gastric cancer cell migration. Mol Cancer. 2018;17:146.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Minakaki G, Menges S, Kittel A, Emmanouilidou E, Schaeffner I, Barkovits K, Bergmann A, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Marxreiter F. Autophagy inhibition promotes SNCA/alpha-synuclein release and transfer via extracellular vesicles with a hybrid autophagosome-exosome-like phenotype. Autophagy. 2018;14:98–119.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Seo Y, Pak K, Nam H-Y, Seok JW, Lee MJ, Kim E-J, Lee JM, Kim SJ, Kim IJ. Effect of rs3910105 in the synuclein gene on dopamine transporter availability in healthy subjects. Yonsei Med J. 2018;59:787–92.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Oczkowska A, Kozubski W, Lianeri M, Dorszewska J. Mutations in PRKN and SNCA genes important for the progress of Parkinson’s disease. Curr Genomics. 2013;14:502–17.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kawahara K, Hashimoto M, Bar-On P, Ho GJ, Crews L, Mizuno H, Rockenstein E, Imam SZ, Masliah E. α-Synuclein aggregates interfere with Parkin solubility and distribution role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:6979–87.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Vasili E, Dominguez-Meijide A, Outeiro TF. Spreading of α-Synuclein and tau: a systematic comparison of the mechanisms involved. Front Mol Neurosci. 2019;12:107.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Twohig D, Nielsen HM. α-synuclein in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegen. 2019;14:23.
Google Scholar
Abdulrahman BA, Abdelaziz DH, Schatzl HM. Autophagy regulates exosomal release of prions in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:8956–68.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sidhu A, Wersinger C, Vernier P. α-Synuclein regulation of the dopaminergic transporter: a possible role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. FEBS Lett. 2004;565:1–5.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Fussi N, Höllerhage M, Chakroun T, Nykänen N-P, Rösler TW, Koeglsperger T, Wurst W, Behrends C, Höglinger GU. Exosomal secretion of α-synuclein as protective mechanism after upstream blockage of macroautophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9:1–4.
CAS
Google Scholar
Ejlerskov P, Rasmussen I, Nielsen TT, Bergström A-L, Tohyama Y, Jensen PH, Vilhardt F. Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25α) promotes unconventional secretion of α-synuclein through exophagy by impairing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. The Journal of biological chemistry. 2013;288:17313–35.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Yang Y, Qin M, Bao P, Xu W, Xu J. Secretory carrier membrane protein 5 is an autophagy inhibitor that promotes the secretion of α-synuclein via exosome. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0180892.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shrivastava S, Devhare P, Sujijantarat N, Steele R, Kwon Y-C, Ray R, Ray RB. Knockdown of autophagy inhibits infectious hepatitis C virus release by the exosomal pathway. J Virol. 2016;90:1387–96.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Sahu R, Kaushik S, Clement CC, Cannizzo ES, Scharf B, Follenzi A, Potolicchio I, Nieves E, Cuervo AM, Santambrogio L. Microautophagy of cytosolic proteins by late endosomes. Dev Cell. 2011;20:131–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Miao Y, Li G, Zhang X, Xu H, Abraham SN. A TRP channel senses lysosome neutralization by pathogens to trigger their expulsion. Cell. 2015;161:1306–19.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Prathipati P, Nandi SS, Mishra PK. Stem cell-derived exosomes, autophagy, extracellular matrix turnover, and miRNAs in cardiac regeneration during stem cell therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2017;13:79–91.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Chen J, An R, Liu Z, Wang J, Chen S, Hong M, Liu J, Xiao M, Chen Y. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived microvesicles on pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2014;35:1121–8.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ejlerskov P, Rasmussen I, Nielsen TT, Bergström A-L, Tohyama Y, Jensen PH, Vilhardt F. Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein (TPPP/p25α) promotes unconventional secretion of α-synuclein through exophagy by impairing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:17313–35.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ebrahim N, Ahmed I, Hussien N, Dessouky A, Farid A, Elshazly A, Mostafa O, Gazzar W, Sorour S, Seleem Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorated diabetic nephropathy by autophagy induction through the mTOR signaling pathway. Cells. 2018;7:226.
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Rong Y, Liu W, Wang J, Fan J, Luo Y, Li L, Kong F, Chen J, Tang P, Cai W. Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles attenuate apoptosis and neuroinflammation after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating autophagy. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:1–8.
Google Scholar
Zeng Y, Yao X, Liu X, He X, Li L, Liu X, Yan Z, Wu J, Fu BM. Anti-angiogenesis triggers exosomes release from endothelial cells to promote tumor vasculogenesis. Journal of extracellular vesicles. 2019;8:1629865.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Huang X, Ding J, Li Y, Liu W, Ji J, Wang H, Wang X. Exosomes derived from PEDF modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulation of autophagy and apoptosis. Exp Cell Res. 2018;371:269–77.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jia H, Liu W, Zhang B, Wang J, Wu P, Tandra N, Liang Z, Ji C, Yin L, Hu X. HucMSC exosomes-delivered 14-3-3ζ enhanced autophagy via modulation of ATG16L in preventing cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Am J Transl Res. 2018;10:101.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Dutta S, Warshall C, Bandyopadhyay C, Dutta D, Chandran B. Interactions between exosomes from breast cancer cells and primary mammary epithelial cells leads to generation of reactive oxygen species which induce DNA damage response, stabilization of p53 and autophagy in epithelial cells. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e97580.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Qu Y, Zhang Q, Cai X, Li F, Ma Z, Xu M, Lu L. Exosomes derived from miR-181-5p-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent liver fibrosis via autophagy activation. J Cell Mol Med. 2017;21:2491–502.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang R, Lin M, Li L, Qi G, Rong R, Xu M, Zhu T. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome protects kidney against ischemia reperfusion injury in rats. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi. 2014;94:3298–303.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kulkarni R, Bajaj M, Ghode S, Jalnapurkar S, Limaye L, Kale VP. Intercellular transfer of microvesicles from young mesenchymal stromal cells rejuvenates aged murine hematopoietic stem cells. Stem Cells. 2018;36:420–33.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Cai S, Shi G-S, Cheng H-Y, Zeng Y-N, Li G, Zhang M, Song M, Zhou P-K, Tian Y, Cui F-M. Exosomal miR-7 mediates bystander autophagy in lung after focal brain irradiation in mice. Int J Biol Sci. 2017;13:1287.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Song M, Wang Y, Shang Z-F, Liu X-D, Xie D-F, Wang Q, Guan H, Zhou P-K. Bystander autophagy mediated by radiation-induced exosomal miR-7-5p in non-targeted human bronchial epithelial cells. Scientific reports. 2016;6:30165.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Yang Y, Li Y, Chen X, Cheng X, Liao Y, Yu X. Exosomal transfer of miR-30a between cardiomyocytes regulates autophagy after hypoxia. J Mol Med. 2016;94:711–24.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Jiang M, Wang H, Jin M, Yang X, Ji H, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wu F, Wu G, Lai X. Exosomes from MiR-30d-5p-ADSCs reverse acute ischemic stroke-induced, autophagy-mediated brain injury by promoting M2 microglial/macrophage polarization. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2018;47:864–78.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Li L, Wang Z, Hu X, Wan T, Wu H, Jiang W, Hu R. Human aortic smooth muscle cell-derived exosomal miR-221/222 inhibits autophagy via a PTEN/Akt signaling pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;479:343–50.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Wang J, Jia H, Zhang B, Yin L, Mao F, Yu J, Ji C, Xu X, Yan Y, Xu W. HucMSC exosome-transported 14-3-3ζ prevents the injury of cisplatin to HK-2 cells by inducing autophagy in vitro. Cytotherapy. 2018;20:29–44.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barros FM, Carneiro F, Machado JC, Melo SA. Exosomes and immune response in cancer: friends or foes? Front Immun. 2018;9:730.
Google Scholar
Khare D, Or R, Resnick I, Barkatz C, Almogi-Hazan O, Avni B. Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes affect mRNA expression and function of B-lymphocytes. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3053.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Liu L, Jin X, Hu C-F, Li R, Shen C-X. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells rescue myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by inducing cardiomyocyte autophagy via AMPK and Akt pathways. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2017;43:52–68.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Buckles TC, Ziemba BP, Masson GR, Williams RL, Falke JJ. Single-molecule study reveals how receptor and ras synergistically activate PI3Kα and PIP3 signaling. Biophys J. 2017;113:2396–405.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Heras-Sandoval D, Pérez-Rojas JM, Hernández-Damián J, Pedraza-Chaverri J. The role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the modulation of autophagy and the clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegeneration. Cell Signal. 2014;26:2694–701.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhao G, Gao Z, Zhang Q, Tang X, Lv Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Tan Q, Peng D, Jiang D. TSSC3 promotes autophagy via inactivating the Src-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to suppress tumorigenesis and metastasis in osteosarcoma, and predicts a favorable prognosis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2018;37:188.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pattingre S, Espert L, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Codogno P. Regulation of macroautophagy by mTOR and Beclin 1 complexes. Biochimie. 2008;90:313–23.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Xin Y, Wan B, Yang Y, Cui X-J, Xie Y-C, Guo L-H. Perfluoroalkyl acid exposure induces protective mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum autophagy in lung cells. Arch Toxicol. 2018;92:3131–47.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Arslan F, Lai RC, Smeets MB, Akeroyd L, Choo A, Aguor EN, Timmers L, van Rijen HV, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes increase ATP levels, decrease oxidative stress and activate PI3K/Akt pathway to enhance myocardial viability and prevent adverse remodeling after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res. 2013;10:301–12.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Zou L, Ma X, Lin S, Wu B, Chen Y, Peng C. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes protect against myocardial infarction by promoting autophagy. Exp Therap Med. 2019;18:2574–82.
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhao S, Liu Y, Pu Z. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate D-GaIN/LPS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by activating autophagy in vitro. Drug Des Dev Ther. 2019;13:2887.
CAS
Google Scholar
Abdyazdani N, Nourazarian A, Nozad Charoudeh H, Kazemi M, Feizy N, Akbarzade M, Mehdizadeh A, Rezaie J, Rahbarghazi R. The role of morphine on rat neural stem cells viability, neuro-angiogenesis and neuro-steroidgenesis properties. Neurosci Lett. 2017;636:205–12.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sooro MA, Zhang N, Zhang P. Targeting EGFR-mediated autophagy as a potential strategy for cancer therapy. Int J Cancer. 2018;143:2116–25.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kwon Y, Kim M, Jung HS, Kim Y, Jeoung D. Targeting autophagy for overcoming resistance to anti-EGFR treatments. Cancers. 2019;11:1374.
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Shen S, Niso-Santano M, Adjemian S, Takehara T, Malik SA, Minoux H, Souquere S, Mariño G, Lachkar S, Senovilla L. Cytoplasmic STAT3 represses autophagy by inhibiting PKR activity. Mol Cell. 2012;48:667–80.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Zhu Y, Wang Q, Tang X, Yao G, Sun L. Mesenchymal stem cells enhance autophagy of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells in vitro. Cell Biochem Funct. 2018;36:280–7.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Chiang W-C, Wei Y, Kuo Y-C, Wei S, Zhou A, Zou Z, Yehl J, Ranaghan MJ, Skepner A, Bittker JA. High-throughput screens to identify autophagy inducers that function by disrupting Beclin 1/Bcl-2 binding. ACS Chem Biol. 2018;13:2247–60.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Andrade-Silva M, Cenedeze MA, Perandini LA, Felizardo RJF, Watanabe IKM, Agudelo JSH, Castoldi A, Gonçalves GM, Origassa CST, Semedo P. TLR2 and TLR4 play opposite role in autophagy associated with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Sci. 2018;132:1725–39.
CAS
Google Scholar
Wen X, Han XR, Wang YJ, Wang S, Shen M, Zhang ZF, Fan SH, Shan Q, Wang L, Li MQ. MicroRNA-421 suppresses the apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in epilepsy mice model by inhibition of the TLR/MYD88 pathway. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:7022–34.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Shin DM, Yuk JM, Lee HM, Lee SH, Son JW, Harding CV, Kim JM, Modlin RL, Jo EK. Mycobacterial lipoprotein activates autophagy via TLR2/1/CD14 and a functional vitamin D receptor signalling. Cell Microbiol. 2010;12:1648–65.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Alvarez-Jiménez VD, Leyva-Paredes K, García-Martínez M, Vázquez-Flores L, García-Paredes VG, Campillo-Navarro M, Romo-Cruz I, Rosales-García VH, Castañeda-Casimiro J, González-Pozos S. Extracellular vesicles released from Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected neutrophils promote macrophage autophagy and decrease intracellular mycobacterial survival. Front Immunol. 2018;9:272.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xie H, Xu Q, Jia J, Ao G, Sun Y, Hu L, Alkayed NJ, Wang C, Cheng J. Hydrogen sulfide protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by activating AMP-activated protein kinase to restore autophagic flux. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;458:632–8.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim SH, Kim G, Han DH, Lee M, Kim I, Kim B, Kim KH, Song Y-M, Yoo JE, Wang HJ. Ezetimibe ameliorates steatohepatitis via AMP activated protein kinase-TFEB-mediated activation of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition. Autophagy. 2017;13:1767–81.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhao M, Sun L, Yu X-J, Miao Y, Liu J-J, Wang H, Ren J, Zang W-J. Acetylcholine mediates AMPK-dependent autophagic cytoprotection in H9c2 cells during hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2013;32:601–13.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Kenific CM, Thorburn A, Debnath J. Autophagy and metastasis: another double-edged sword. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2010;22:241–5.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Sosa MS, Bragado P, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. Mechanisms of disseminated cancer cell dormancy: an awakening field. Nat Rev Cancer. 2014;14:611–22.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Huang F, Wang B-R, Wang Y-G. Role of autophagy in tumorigenesis, metastasis, targeted therapy and drug resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:4643.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Ma Y, Yuwen D, Chen J, Zheng B, Gao J, Fan M, Xue W, Wang Y, Li W, Shu Y. Exosomal transfer of cisplatin-induced miR-425-3p confers cisplatin resistance in NSCLC through activating autophagy. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:8121.
Google Scholar
Yuwen D, Ma Y, Wang D, Gao J, Li X, Xue W, Fan M, Xu Q, Shen Y, Shu Y. Prognostic role of circulating exosomal miR-425-3p for the response of NSCLC to platinum-based chemotherapy. Cancer Epidemiol Prev Biomark. 2019;28:163–73.
CAS
Google Scholar
Kulkarni B, Gondaliya P, Kirave P, Rawal R, Jain A, Garg R, Kalia K. Exosome-mediated delivery of miR-30a sensitize cisplatin-resistant variant of oral squamous carcinoma cells via modulating Beclin1 and Bcl2. Oncotarget. 2020;11:1832.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Giraldo NA, Sanchez-Salas R, Peske JD, Vano Y, Becht E, Petitprez F, Validire P, Ingels A, Cathelineau X, Fridman WH. The clinical role of the TME in solid cancer. Br J Cancer. 2019;120:45–53.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yuan Y, Jiang Y-C, Sun C-K, Chen Q-M. Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical applications. Oncol Rep. 2016;35:2499–515.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar
Levy JMM, Thorburn A. Targeting autophagy during cancer therapy to improve clinical outcomes. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;131:130–41.
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Schiattarella GG, Hill JA. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016;95:86–93.
PubMed
CAS
Google Scholar