Fig. 1

The autophagy flux. A diagram showing the autophagy and main regulatory molecules of autophagy pathway is presented. Three forms of autophagy may arise in cells; microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy, and macroautophagy. Microautophagy is the procedure that impaired biomaterials directly sorted into lysosomes. In the chaperone-mediated autophagy, HSC70 classifies proteins containing specific motifs (KFERQ) and directs them into lysosome via interaction with LAMP2A molecules sited on lysosome membrane. Macroautophagy (autophagy) facilitates the lysosomal degradation of impaired proteins and organelles through four steps including initiation, nucleation, expansion, and finally fusion the autophagosome with lysosomes. Several proteins such as ULK, ATG13, FIP200, Beclin-1, ARG101, ATG5, ATG14L, ATG16L, LC3, and PE, in several steps, facilitate the development of autophagosome