Table 2 Therapeutic applications of IGF-1 in neurological diseases
No | Model | Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | In vivo/in vitro AD model | In vivo transduction with RAd-IGF1 blocked memory impairment | [206] |
2 | Brain-specific IGF-1 overexpression mice | IGF-1 treatment reduced depressive and anxiety-like behavior, improved motor coordination, motor learning, visuospatial, and working memory | [207] |
3 | C57BL/6Â J mice/controlled cortical impact/IGF-1 | Increased immature neuronal density and neurogenesis of the hippocampus | [208] |
4 | RIT1−/− mice/IGF-1 | IGF-1 facilitates hippocampal neurogenesis through the RIT1/Akt/Sox2 signaling pathway | [39] |
5 | Old male rats/IGF-1 | IGF-1 increases hippocampal neurogenesis and memory accuracy in aged individuals | [209] |
6 | Old Sprague–Dawley female rats/IGF-1, 18 days ICV | IGF-1 treatment increased the branching of hippocampal astrocytes and reduced their number in the hippocampal striatum radiatum, and improved spatial memory accuracy in aging rats | [210] |
7 | Female Sprague–Dawley rats/MCAo/IGF-1 | IGF-1 reduced infarct volume (39%) and BBB permeability and suppressed IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α | [211] |
8 | SH-SY5Y cells/10Â nMÂ IGF-1 | IGF-1-induced shedding of both APP and APLP1 depends on PI3K, while APLP2 shedding is independent of this signaling pathway | [212] |
9 | In vitro/PD/IGF-1 along with MPP+ | IGF-1 increases cell viability and decreases cell apoptosis | [213] |
10 | SH-EP1 cell lines/IGF-1 MPP+ neurotoxicity | Inhibition of MPP+-induced apoptosis by activating JNK by PI3K/AKT/GSK3β pathway | [106] |
11 | PD (WT, A30P and A53 T mutant)/100 ng/mL | Rescue from α-synuclein toxicity and suppression of α-synuclein aggregation | [214] |
12 | MT-IGF mice | Inhibits β-cell apoptosis, insulin secretion, and hepatic glucose production | [114] |
13 | Rat/6-OHDA/IGF-1 transgenic neurospheres | Reduction in amphetamine-induced rotation and increased survival of human neural progenitor cells (hNPC) exert trophic effects on degenerate dopamine neurons in the PD model | [103] |
14 | Adult female Long-Evans rats/6-OHDA/MPTP/IGF-1 | By activating PI3K/Akt signaling, IGF-1 improved motor behavior and reduced DA loss in SNc | [105] |
15 | APP/PS2 mice IGF-1 (50 g/kg dose, i.p.) | Reverses spatial learning and memory impairment and reduces total brain Aβ deposition | [24] |
16 | Male Wistar rats/6-OHDA/GPE (3Â mg/kg, i.p.) | Increased motor movement and reduced dopamine neuronal loss in PD rats | [101] |
17 | Adult female Long-Evans rats/6-OHDA/MPTP/IGF-1 | IGF-1 significantly reduced the loss of asymmetric movement of the forelimb, reduced SNc neuronal loss, and TH immunoreactivity in DA fibers and striatum | [102] |
18 | Wistar rats/LID mice IGF-1: 50 µg/kg/rat/day | Reduced the brain Aβ burden and upregulated the brain levels of Aβ carriers | [83] |
19 | In vitro/IGF-1 (0.5Â mg/mL)/dopamine | Decrease in apoptosis was accompanied by an increase in Bcl-2 levels | [4] |
20 | APP (WT-APP and V642I-APP mutant)/IGF-1: 10Â nM | IGF-1 protected cells from APP-induced apoptosis and suppressed the cleavage of procaspase-3 | [5] |
21 | Male BN × F344 rats/IGF-1 (50 ng/0.5 μL/h, i.c.v) | IGF-1 administration restored neurogenesis via a three-fold increase in neuronal production | [36] |
22 | Sprague–Dawley/hx rats/carotid artery IGF-1 infusion; 1.25 mg/kg per day) | IGF-1 increases progenitor cell proliferation and selectively induces neurogenesis in the progeny of adult neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus | [37] |
23 | Male Wistar rats/6-OHDA/GPE | A single dose of GPE increased TH immunoreactivity and reduced TH immunoreactive neuronal cell death in SNc and striatum | [100] |