Table 2 Growth factors and cytokines for improving renal microcirculation

Chronic renovascular desease (unilateral renal artery stenosis)

Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)

Restored microvascular density

Attenuated fibrogenic activity and improved kidney blood flow and GFR

[81]

Renal interstitial fibrosis (monocrotline treated rats)

Glucagon-Like Peptide-1(GLP)

Reduced microcirculation lesion and inhibit EndMT

Reduced microcirculation lesion-induced renal fibrosis

[82]

Renal interstitial fibrosis (UUO model)

Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)

Stimulated the growth of peritubular capillaries and dampened renal inflammation

Attenuated myofibroblast activation and interstitial collagen I accumulation

[83]

Renal interstitial fibrosis (UUO model)

Insulin-Like Growth Factor- 1 (IGF-1R)

Preserved endothelial function by stabilization of the VE-protein tyrosine phosphatase/VE-cadherin complex

Suppressed the inflammatory cell infiltration and renal fibrosis

[85]

Chronic kidney disease (5/6 nephrectomized rats)

Netrin-1

inhibited EndMT

Attenuated the progression of renal dysfunction

[87]