Exosomes: biogenesis, biologic function and clinical potential

Cell & Bioscience

Table 3 Lipid-related enzymes and bioactive lipids in exosomes

lipid category and description	Lipid related enzymes	Functional effects
LTA4, LTB4, LTC4	LTA4 hydrolase, LTC4 synthase	Triggering polymorphonuclear [131] leukocyte migration
PGE2, 15d-PGJ2	COX-1, COX-2	Immunosuppression, [44] PPARγ ligand
PGE2	PGE synthase	Inflammation [4]
PA	PLD2, DGK	Increasing exosome production [132, 133]
AA, LPC	cPLA2, iPLA2	Accounting for the membrane curvature [44]
/	sPLA2 IIA, sPLA2 V	Prostaglandin biosynthesis [44]
Ceramides	nSMase2	Sorting cargo into MVBs [134]
Cholesterol	/	Regulating exosome secretion [135]
BMP	/	MVB formation [135] and subsequent ILV biogenesis [136]
PS	/	Being involved in exosome fate [13, 122]
SM	/	Triggering calcium influx [135]

LA4, LTB4, LTC4 Leukotriene; COX-1, COX-2 cyclooxygenases; PGE2, 15d-PGJ2 prostaglandins; PLD2 phospholipase D2; DGK diglyceride kinase; PA phosphatidic acid; PLA2 phospholipases A2; cPLA2 calcium-dependent phospholipases A2; iPLA2 calcium-independent phospholipases A2; AA arachidonic acid; LPC lysophosphatidylcholine; sPLA2 IIA; V secreted phospholipases A2 IIA and V; nSMase2 neutral sphingomyelinase 2; BMP Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, also called LBPA; PS phosphatidylserine; SM sphingomyelin

ISSN: 2045-3701