From: PML: Regulation and multifaceted function beyond tumor suppression
Type of regulation | Extracellular stimuli | Cellular regulators | PML regulation | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transcription | ||||
 | IFNs, TNFα | Stat1 and Stat2/IRF3/IRF8 | Upregulation of PML mRNA | |
 | Oncogenic stress | RAS/p53 | Upregulation of PML mRNA | |
 | Cytokine or hormone | Stat3/Stat6 | Downregulation of PML transcription | [34] |
Post-transcription | ||||
 Alternative splicing |  |  | Expression of different PML isoforms with distinct function | |
 Alternative splicing | Herpes simplex virus-1 infection |  | Increase in cytoplasmic PML in response to viral infection | [27] |
 mRNA stability | MicroRNAs delivered by colon cancer cell-derived microvesicles | miR-1246 | Targeting PML 3’-UTR for degradation | [35] |
Translation | ||||
 | Oncogenic stress | RAS/mTOR RAS/eIF4E | Upregulation of Pml mRNA translation 5′-UTR in MEFs | [36] |
 | TNFα | p38/MNK1 | Upregulation of PML mRNA translation via IRES | [37] |
Cytoplasmic PML regulation | ||||
 | TGFβ | TGFR | Smad2/3 and SARA-mediated TGFβ signaling | [8] |
 | Sulforaphane (SFN) |  | Increases in cytoplasmic PML proportion and nuclear NRF2 accumulation | [28] |
 | PML 1272delAG and IVS3-1 G mutations |  | Increases in cytoplasmic PML proportion and inhibition of p53-mediated cell apoptosis | [26] |
NB formation | ||||
 | Androgen |  | Decreases in PML NB formation | [160] |
 | Ionizing radiation |  | Increases in PML NB formation | [161] |
 | Cisplatin |  | Increases in PML NB formation | [161] |
 | SFN |  | Decreases in PML NB formation | [28] |