Fig. 3

Metabolic characteristics of microglia. LPS and ATP effectively promoted glycolysis via the mTOR signaling pathway in microglia, while LPS inhibited OXPHOS but ATP activated OXPHOS. Microglia can also utilize glutamine as an energy source to maintain mitochondrial activity. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLRs, Toll-like receptors; OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; TNF-α, tumoral necrosis factor α; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; IL-6, interleukin-6; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; Gln, Glutamine; Glu, Glutamate; Gls, Glutaminase; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor