Fig. 5

Increased C1q tagging to synapses caused by desialylation of hippocampal neurons after neonatal sevoflurane exposures. A Representative confocal immunostaining images of PSA-NCAM (red) and nuclei (blue) in the CA1 region of control and sevoflurane-treated mice. Scale bars = 100 μm, Scale bars = 20 μm. B Quantitative analysis showed that sevoflurane reduced sialic acids in the mouse hippocampus. n = 6. Unpaired t-test. C Representative confocal immunostaining images of FITC-PNA (green) and nuclei (blue) in the CA1 region of control and sevoflurane-treated mice. Scale bars = 100 μm, Scale bars = 20 μm. D Quantitative analysis showed that sevoflurane increased desialylation in the mouse hippocampus. n = 6. Unpaired t-test. E Representative confocal images of colocalization of MAP2 (red), FITC-PNA (green), C1q (gray), and nuclei (blue) in the CA1 region of the two groups. Scale bars = 20 μm, Scale bars = 10 μm. F Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of Neu1, Neu2, Neu3, and Neu4 mRNA expression in the mouse hippocampus. n = 4. Unpaired t-test. G Representative confocal images of colocalization of MAP2 (red), FITC-PNA (green), and C1q (gray) in the CA1 region in control and sevoflurane-treated mice that received PBS or NADNA. Scale bars = 20 μm, Scale bars = 10 μm. H Quantitative analysis showed that NADNA decreased desialylation in the hippocampus of sevoflurane-treated mice. n = 6. One-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test. I Linear regression analysis showed that neuronal desialylation was significantly related to the colocalization of C1q with MAP2. Data are mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001