Fig. 3

Cerebral venous congestion induced ultrastructural changes in synapses in the auditory-associated areas. a Representative electron micrograph of AMY, ACx, MGB, and IC sections in JVL rats at 0 d/14 d /3 M postoperatively. White arrowheads indicate PSD, and black arrowheads indicate presynaptic vesicles. Scale bar = 0.2 μm. b-e The number of synaptic vesicles (b), length of the synaptic active zone (c), PSD thickness (d), and synaptic cleft width (e) in the AMY, ACx, MGB, and IC. All data are presented as the mean ± SD (two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test) and are representative of at least five independent experiments. Dots depict individual samples. ns, not significance; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001