Table 1 Treatments for Crohn’s Disease related to Goblet cells
Name | Effects | Direct or indirect influence on goblet cells |
|---|---|---|
Current pharmacotherapies | ||
Infliximab Ustekinumab Risankizumab | Through the process of anti-IL-12 and IL-23, goblet cells proliferation and mucus healing were facilitated | Indirect |
Tofacitinib Filgotinib | Through inhibiting JAK, mucosal healing was promoted | Direct |
Potential substances and targets | ||
Probiotics | Commensal bacteria repopulation | Indirect |
Antibiotics | Pathogenic bacterium elimination might be helpful for the treatment. But it may also lead to dysbiosis. Further study should be made in the future | Indirect |
Butyrate | Induce macrophages polarization, facilitate cell proliferation and mucus secretion | Indirect |
PPARγagonist | Promote mucus secretion | Direct |
Farnesoid X receptor agonist | Less goblet cells loss and less inflammatory cells infiltration | Unclear |
Nuclear factor-KappaB | Recover goblet cells function and proliferation | Indirect |
Nitrate | Increase mucus layer thickness and keep goblet cells abundant | Unclear |
IL-13 receptorα2 blocker | Restore the mucus layer more quickly | Direct |
Thymopentin | By inducing IL-22 production, it stimulates the secretion of mucus | Indirect |
IL-10 | Suppress endoplasmic reticulum stress | Direct |
Glutamine | ||
Glucocorticoids | ||
Estrogen | ||
4-phenylburyrate | ||
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid | ||
Dietary and nutrient therapy | ||
Arctium lappa L | Promote mucus secretion and increase goblet cells number | Direct |
3-glucoside-enriched strawberry | Inhibit proinflammatory cytokines and promote mucus secretion | Indirect |
Dietary grape seed extract | Increase goblet cells number and decrease the expression of claudin 2 mRNA | Indirect |
Lentinula edodes extract | Increase goblet cells number and reduce infiltration of inflammatory cells | Indirect |
Royal jelly | Detailed mechanism remained unclear. | Unclear |
Dietary antioxidant micronutrients | Unclear |