Table 5 Biomarkers and their functions

Cell adhesion and cytoskeleton

GIPC1, DOCK4, CAPG, IL-1B, PRL

[79, 82, 85, 91, 94]

Tumor stemness or EMT

PAK4, RANKL, IL-1B, EZH2, ZNF217

[57, 78, 87, 93, 112]

Regulation of the bone microenvironment

RANKL, PRL, ZNF217, miRNA-19a, IBSP, miRNA-124, miRNA-429, LncRNA FGF14-AS2, MAF, miRNA-16, miRNA-378, SCUBE2

[28, 86, 89, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111, 112]

Bone turnover markers

P1NP, CTX, 1-CTP, NTX

[96, 147]