Table 4 Prognostic non-coding RNA biomarkers for BCBM

miRNA-19a (combined with IBSP)

Increased

23 serum samples from patients with ER-positive breast cancer and 22 samples from healthy individuals

IBSP recruits osteoclast precursor cells and enhances their uptake of exosomes containing miRNA-19a

miRNA-19a promotes osteoclast differentiation

[98]

miRNA-30b-5p

Increased

82 samples of primary breast cancer tissue and 93 samples of metastatic breast cancer tissue

20 peripheral blood samples from patients with localized breast cancer and 25 samples from patients with advanced breast cancer

miRNA-30b-5p may be associated with EMT

[99]

miRNA-16,miRNA-378

Increased

21 serum samples from healthy women and 38 serum samples from breast cancer patients with bone metastasis

miRNA-16 and miRNA-378 enhance osteoclast function

[100,101,102]

miRNA-124

Decreased

79 paired samples of primary breast cancer lesions and non-tumor breast tissue adjacent to the cancer, as well as 34 samples of BCBM

miRNA-124 inhibits the survival and differentiation of osteoclast precursor cells and regulates the RANKL pathway. It also inhibits the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells

[103,104,105]

miRNA-429

Decreased

21 bone metastasis samples, including 7 paired samples of bone metastasis and primary breast cancer

miRNA-429 promotes osteoblast differentiation and downregulates the expression of CrkL and MMP-9

[106]

LncRNA FGF14-AS2

Decreased

39 paired samples of breast cancer and non-tumor tissue adjacent to the cancer

LncRNA FGF14-AS2 inhibits breast cancer metastasis and suppresses the expression of RUNX2, thereby inhibiting osteoclast differentiation

[107, 108]