Table 3 Prognostic protein biomarkers for BCBM
Biomarker | Increased or decreased | Clinical samples | Potential molecular mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
PAK4 | Increased | 187 NMBC patients 95 BMBC patients | nPAK4 inhibits LIFR and promotes osteolytic bone destruction in ERα-positive breast cancer | [78] |
CAPG, GIPC1 | Increased | 724 breast cancer patients from AZURE trial | CAPG promotes cell migration and invasion GIPC1 regulates cell cycle, cell adhesion, and motility | |
DOCK4 | Increased | 689 breast cancer patients from AZURE trial | DOCK4 regulates breast cancer cell migration and metastasis | |
RANKL | Increased | 413 breast cancer patients | RANKL enhances invasion and metastasis of breast cancer and regulates bone microenvironment | |
PRLR | Increased | 134 breast cancer patients | PRL promotes the secretion of SHH by breast cancer cells, facilitating osteolysis and increasing invasiveness | |
IL-1B | Increased | 150 stage II/III primary breast cancer patients | IL-1B promotes EMT in breast cancer cells, enhancing their invasive capacity | |
SCUBE2 | Increased | Blood samples from 23 breast cancer patients without distant recurrence, 13 cases with bone metastasis | SCUBE2 regulates the immunosuppressive osteogenic microenvironment | [28] |
CTX, ICTP, P1NP | Increased | 872 breast cancer patients from AZURE trial 164 pre-treatment stage I-III breast cancer patients | CTX, ICTP and P1NP are associated with bone remodeling |