Table 2 Animal models of BCBM

Intracardiac/intraarterial injection model

MDA-MB-231

BALB/c nu/nu mice

Left ventricle

[61]

MCF7, 4T1, 4T07, MDA-MB-361, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-436

4–6 weeks old mice

Iliac artery

[63]

MDAMB-231, MCF7, 4T1, E0771

NOD-SCID, SCID, BALB/c, C57B/ 6 albino

Caudal artery

[64]

AT-3

C57BL/6J mice

Femoral artery

[68]

Intraosseous injection model

T47D

BALB/c mice

Tibia bones

[27]

MDA-MB-231

BALB/c nu/nu mice

Femur bones

[69]

Orthotopic injection model

4T1

BALB/c mice

Mammary fat pad

[71]

Humanized model

MDA-MB-231, MCF7, T47D, Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor cell

NOD/SCID

NOD/SCIDγ mice

Implantation femoral head tissues derived from patients undergoing hip replacement surgery into the left and right sides of the mouse body, followed by intracardiac or orthotopic injection of tumor cells

[74]