Fig. 1

IECs are involved in CAC progression. Many signaling pathways are involved in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer, such as the NF-kB, Wnt, STAT3 and TGF-β pathways. A few genes, such as ASAP3, promote tumor growth by binding to Nemo, while others, such as TRF9, regulate the binding of NF-kB to the promoter region by affecting target genes. Immune cells such as myeloid cells, Tregs, and DCs can regulate the phosphorylation of STAT3 to affect tumor growth. In addition, the Wnt signaling pathway also affects tumor progression. JMJD2D protein can regulate the transcription of Wnt-related genes by binding to β-catenin. Similarly, TRIB3 can also regulate the occurrence and development of tumors in intestinal stem cells by affecting Wnt-related genes