Table 1 Functions of organoid culture medium components
Ingredient | Belong | Property | Pathway | Functions in liver organoid culture |
|---|---|---|---|---|
AdDMEM/F12 | EM, DM | Culture medium | N/A | Basal medium |
William’s E medium | EM, DM | Culture medium | N/A | Basal medium |
HEPES [72] | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | PH stabilizer |
GlutaMax [73] | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | Mammalian cell culture |
Antibiotics | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | Antibacterial |
Non-Essential Amino Acids [74] | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | Cell growth and viability |
B-27 [75] | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | Proliferation and differentiation of stem cells |
N2 [75] | EM, DM | Additive | N/A | Proliferation and differentiation of stem cells |
Wnt 3a [76] | EM | Cytokine | Wnt signaling | Hepatocyte proliferation |
EM, DM | Cytokine | Wnt signaling | Stem cell maintenance and expansion | |
Noggin [78] | EM | Cytokine | BMP signaling | Stem cell expansion |
EGF [78] | EM, DM | Cytokine | EGFR signaling | Cell proliferation |
TGFα [79] | EM | Cytokine | EGFR signaling | Cell proliferation |
HGF [80] | EM, DM | Cytokine | HGF signaling | Hepatocyte proliferation |
EM, DM | Cytokine | FGF signaling | FGF7, FGF10: hepatocyte proliferation FGF19: hepatocyte differentiation | |
DM | Cytokine | BMP signaling | Hepatocyte proliferation and differentiation | |
TNFα [83] | EM, DM | Cytokine | TNF signaling | Hepatocyte proliferation |
OSM [84] | DM | Cytokine | OSM signaling | Human hepatocyte differentiation |
EM, DM | Small molecule compound | TGF-β signaling | Antioxidant Hepatocyte viability and function | |
Nicotinamide [41] | EM, DM | Small molecule compound | N/A | Organoid formation and long-term culture |
EM, DM | Small molecule compound | Gastrin signaling | Organoid long-term culture | |
EM, DM | Small molecule compound | Wnt signaling | Stem cell maintenance | |
A83-01 [42] | EM, DM | Small molecule compound | TGF-β signaling | Organoid formation |
EM | Small molecule compound | ROCK signaling | Stem cell expansion and maintenance Prevent anoikis | |
FSK [42] | EM | Small molecule compound | cAMP signaling | Stem cell maintenance Human organoid long-term culture |
DM | Small molecule compound | Notch signaling | Hepatocyte differentiation | |
DAPT [92] | DM | Small molecule compound | Notch signaling | Hepatocyte differentiation |