Table 4 Studies on improving the effect of antitumor immunotherapy by prebiotics
From: The impact of the gut microbiome on tumor immunotherapy: from mechanism to application strategies
Tumor type | Immunotherapy treatment | Prebiotic | Overview of mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CRC (CT26); breast cancer (4T1); melanoma (B16-F10) | αCTLA-4 mAb; αPD-1 mAb | Exopolysaccharide (EPS-R1) | Dietary intake of EPS-R1 induces aggregation of CCR6+ CD8+ T cells in Peyer’s patches and enhances the therapeutic effect of ICBs in tumors in a CCL20-dependent manner | [130] |
CRC (MC38) | αPD-1 mAb | Pectin | Pectin changes the composition of the gut microbiota by enriching for butyrate-producing bacteria and promotes butyrate production, which could promote T-cell infiltration and enhance the efficacy of αPD-1 mAb | [132] |
Lewis lung cancer (LLC); melanoma (B16F10) | αPD-1 mAb | Ginseng polysaccharide (GPs) | GPs increased the antitumor response to αPD-1 mAb by increasing levels of the microbial metabolites valeric acid and decreasing L-kynurenine levels, as well as the ratio of Kyn/Trp, which contributed to the suppression of Treg cells and induction of Teff cells after combination treatment | [213] |
CRC (MC38/CT26); melanoma (B16F10) | αPD-1 mAb | Inulin gel | Oral administration of inulin gel increased the abundance of SCFA-producing microbes and SCFAs, resulting in enhanced memory responses in IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells and the formation of stem-like T-cell factor-1+ PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment | [214] |
Sarcoma (MCA-205); medullary breast cancer (E0771) | αPD-1 mAb | The berry of Myrciaria dubia | Castalagin, an active compound in polyphenol rich Myrciaria dubia berries, can enrich for Ruminococcaceae, increase the ratio of CD8+/Foxp3+ CD4+ T cells in the TME, and promote the biosynthesis of taurine binding bile acids, which translated into antitumor activity and a stronger anti-PD-1 response | [215] |
CRC (MC38) | αPD-L1 mAb | Ultrafine Jujube powder | Ultrafine Jujube Powder consumption resulted in increased abundance of Clostridium (including Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae), increased SCFA production, and increased infiltration of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment | [191] |
Melanoma (B16F10); breast cancer (4T1) | αPD-L1 mAb; Doxycycline | Smectite | Smectite loaded in lactic acid bacteria biofilms inhibits tumor growth and activates DCs through the TLR2 pathway, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy or immunotherapy | [217] |
RET melanoma; renal cell carcinoma in situ (RENCA-luc); lung cancer in situ (TC-1_luc) | αPD-L1 mAb; αCTLA-4 mAb | Ketogenic diet; 3-hydroxybutyric acid | 3-Hydroxybutyric acid inhibited the expression of PD-L1 in ICB-associated myeloid cells, promoted the amplification of CXCR3+ T cells, and induced changes in the composition of gut microbiota, such as Eisenbergiella massiliensis, thus promoting the antitumor effect of ICB | [218] |
Advanced NSCLC | αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb | Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) | Physiological uptake of 18F-FDG by the colon before initiation of ICB was associated with better clinical outcomes and higher gut microbiome diversity in patients with advanced NSCLC | [219] |
Solid tumor | αPD-1 mAb | SCFAs | High concentrations of SCFAs in feces were associated with longer PFS | [220] |
CRC (MC38) | αPD-L1 mAb | Bilberry Anthocyanin Combo | Bilberry Anthocyanin Combo restored the species diversity of intestinal microbiota, increased the concentration and proportion of butyric acid in feces, enhanced the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in tumors, and promoted the effect of αPD-L1 mAb | [221] |
CRC (CT26) | αPD-1 mAb | Gegen Qinlian decoction | The combined treatment of Gegen Qinlian decoction and αPD-1 mAb antibody can effectively inhibit the growth of CT26 tumor cells, change the composition of gut microbe, and promote the metabolism of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids | [222] |
Prostate cancer (RP-B6Myc); kidney cancer (RENCA) | αPD-1 mAb | Restricted protein diet | Dietary protein restriction alters the activity of tumor-associated macrophages and enhances their antitumor ability | [223] |
melanoma (B16F10) | αPD-1 mAb | Diosgenin | The combination of αPD-1 mAb and diosgenin can induce enhanced response of tumor necrosis and apoptosis | [224] |
CRC (MC38) | αPD-1 mAb combined with αCTLA-4 mAb | A standardized extract of cultured Lentinula Edodes Mycelia, AHCC® | AHCC® increased the species abundance of Ruminococcaceae, altered the composition of the gut microbiome, and promoted the antitumor effect of anti-PD-1 combined with anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy by increasing the expression of GZMB and Ki-67 in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells | [225] |