Table 1 Clinical study of gut microbiome effects on immunotherapy

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb; αCTLA-4 mAb

Ruminococcus; Akkermansia; Faecalibacterium

[89]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

ICB: αCTLA-4 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb

Akkermansia

Enterobacteriaceae

[90]

Lung cancer

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Fusobacterium

[91]

Advanced hepatobiliary cancers

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Lachnospiraceae bacterium-GAM79; Alistipes sp. Marseille-P5997; Ruminococcus calidus; Erysipelotichaceae bacterium-GAM147

Veillonellaceae

[92]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb

Gammaproteobacteria

[93]

CRC

Chemotherapy alone (oxaliplatin or capecitabine), or combined with ACT

Bifidobacterium; Lactobacillus; Enterococcus

Dialister pneumosintes; Escherichia coli; Lactobacillus reteri; Streptococcus mutans; Enterococcus faecium; Streptococcus gordonii; Veillonella atypica; Granulicatella sp.; Trchuris trichiura

[94]

Advanced HCC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb (nivolumab)

Citrobacter freundii; Azospirillum sp.; Enterococcus durans; Akkermansia;

[95]

Melanoma

ICB: αCTLA-4 mAb and αPD-1 mAb combined

Bacteroides intestinalis

[96]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Helicobacter pylori

[97]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Streptococcus

[98]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb

Phascolarctobacterium

Dialister

[99]

Lung cancer

ICBs

Clostridiales

Rikenellaceae

[100]

B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Immunochemotherapy

Dorea formicigenerans; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

[101]

Metastatic melanoma

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb; αCTLA-4 mAb; ICB combination

Faecalibacterium; Ruminococcaceae; Barnesiella intestinihominis

[102]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Akkermansia muciniphila; Rikenellaceae; Bacteroides; Peptostreptococcaceae; Mogibacteriaceae; Clostridiaceae

[103]

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Akkermansia muciniphila

[104]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Lactobacillus; Clostridium; Syntrophococcus

Bilophila; Sutterella; Parabacteroides

[105]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Alistipes putredinis; Bifidobacterium longum; Prevotella copri

[106]

HCC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Akkermansia muciniphila; Ruminococcaceae spp.

[107]

Melanoma

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb; αCTLA-4 mAb; ICB combination

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; Coprococcus eutactus; Prevotella stercorea; Streptococcus sanguinis; Streptococcus anginosus; Lachnospiraceae bacterium

Bacteroides ovatus; Bacteroides dorei; Bacteroides massiliensis; Ruminococcus gnavus; Blautia producta

[108]

Melanoma

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Ruminococcaceae family

[18]

Metastatic melanoma

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Bifidobacterium longum; Collinsella aerofaciens; Enterococcus faecium

[72]

Gastrointestinal cancer

ICB: αPD-1 mAb; αPD-L1 mAb

Prevotella; Ruminococcaceae; Lachnospiraceae

[109]

Thoracic neoplasms

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Akkermansiaceae; Enterococcaceae; Enterobacteriaceae; Carnobacteriaceae; Clostridiales Family XI bacterial families

[110]

Melanoma

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Actinobacteria phylum; Lachnospiraceae; Ruminococcaceae; Lachnospiraceae spp.; Streptococcaceae spp.

[111]

NSCLC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Bifidobacterium; Clostridium butyricum; lactic acid bacteria

[112]

NSCLC

ICB combined with chemotherapy

Bifidobacterium; Escherichia; Sarterella

[113]

HCC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Ruminococcus

[114]

Metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)

ICB combined with enzalutamide

Streptococcus salivarius

Akkermansia muciniphila; Collinsella aerofaciens

[115]

Melanoma

ICB: αCTLA-4 mAb and αPD-1 mAb combined

Ruminococcaceae

Bacteroidaceae

[116]

Advanced gastric cancer

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Helicobacter pylori

[117]

multiple myeloma (MM); acute lympholastic leukemia (ALL); non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

CAR-T

Faecalibacterium; Roseburia; Ruminococcus

[118]

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Blautia wexlera; Blautia obeum; Erysipelatoclostridium; Ruminococcaceae bacterium; Ruminococcus sp. AF46-10NS

[119]

HCC

ICB: αPD-1 mAb

Lachnoclostridium; Lachnospiraceae; Veillonella

Prevotella 9

[120]