Fig. 2
From: The impact of the gut microbiome on tumor immunotherapy: from mechanism to application strategies
Mechanism through which some gut microbiota-derived metabolites influence antitumor therapy. These metabolites, including TMAO from Clostridiales, c-di-AMP from Akkermansia, inosine from Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, peptidoglycan from Bifidobacterium bifidum, β-galactosidase from Streptococcus thermophilus and butyrate, are representative metabolites that have been reported in the last two years. They can spread to the TME through the circulatory system or interact with mutated enterocytes directly and mediate antitumor therapy by different mechanisms and pathways. TLRs Toll-like receptors, AhR aryl hydrocarbon receptor, A2AR: adenosine 2A receptor