Fig. 4

Sex hormones in F1 females mediate female-specific glucose phenotypes of paternal iAs. (a) Experimental scheme for F1 females (F1-F) with sham or ovariectomy (OVX) surgery at 14 weeks old. (b) Body weight, n = 5–6 mice. (c-d) Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol levels in F1 females, n = 5–6 mice. (e) Uterine weight of F1 females after surgery, n = 5–6 mice. (f) Representative pictures of uterine from F1 females after sham and OVX. Scale bar, 5 mm. (g) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and area under the curve (AUC) in F1 females at 22 weeks old after sham or OVX, n = 5–6 mice. Black or gray asterisks indicate significant differences between con and iAs groups after sham or OVX, respectively. (h) Insulin tolerance test (ITT) in F1 females at 24 weeks old after sham or OVX, n = 5–6 mice. (i) Pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) in F1 females at 20 weeks old after sham or OVX, n = 5–6 mice. (j) RT-qPCR analysis of gluconeogenic genes in the liver of F1 females in the fasting condition after sham or OVX, n = 5–6 mice. The mean value in the con-sham group was set as 1. (k) Glucose output (GOP) in primary hepatocytes from F1 females after sham or OVX at 22 weeks old, n = 3 for each group. Two-way ANOVA with the Holm-Sidak method was used to analyze GTT, PTT, ITT, 4-group AUC of kinetic metabolic tests, time-dependent body weight changes, gene expression levels, GOP, serum FSH and estradiol, and uterine weight. Data are mean ± S.E.M. * P < 0.05 between conF1 and iAsF1 groups under the same conditions