Fig. 1

Sex difference in glucose metabolism in F1 offspring in response to paternal iAs. (a) Glucose tolerance test (GTT) and area under the curve (AUC) for control (con) or iAs F1 females (F1-F) at 12 weeks old, n = 8 mice. (b) GTT of F1 males (F1-M) at 12 weeks old, n = 8 mice. (c) Insulin tolerance test (ITT) of F1 females at 14 weeks old, n = 7 mice for con and n = 8 mice for iAs. (d) ITT of F1 males at 14 weeks old, n = 10 mice. (e) Pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) of F1 females at 20 weeks old, n = 7 mice for con and n = 8 mice for iAs. (f) PTT of F1 males at 20 weeks old, n = 6 mice. (g) Body weight of F1 males on a normal chow diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD). HFD started at 33 weeks old. n = 5 mice for con-ND, n = 8 mice for iAs-ND, and n = 6 mice for con-HFD or iAs-HFD. (h) GTT of F1 males on the indicated diet at 41 weeks old, n = 5 mice for con-ND, n = 8 mice for iAs-ND, and n = 6 mice for con-HFD or iAs-HFD. (i) PTT of F1 males on the indicated diet at 43 weeks old, n = 5 mice for con-ND, n = 8 mice for iAs-ND, and n = 6 mice for con-HFD and iAs-HFD. (j) RT-qPCR analysis of gluconeogenic genes in the liver of F1 females under 7 h fasting (Fast) or 7 h refeeding (Refeed) conditions. The mean value in the con-Refeed group was set as 1. n = 3 mice for control groups and n = 4 mice for iAs groups. (k) RT-qPCR analysis of gluconeogenic genes in the liver of F1 males under 7 h fasting (Fast) or 7 h refed (Refeed) conditions, n = 4 mice for con groups and n = 5 mice for iAs groups. (l) Glucose output assay (GOP) in primary hepatocytes isolated from F1 females at 22 weeks old, n = 3 mice. (m) GOP in primary hepatocytes isolated from F1 males at 22 weeks old, n = 3 mice. Black or gray asterisks indicate significant differences between con and iAs groups on ND or HFD, respectively. Two-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak method was used to analyze GTT, PTT, ITT, time-dependent body weight changes, gene expression changes, GOP, and 4-group AUC of kinetic metabolic tests. Two-sided t-test was used to analyze 2-group AUC of kinetic metabolic tests. Data are mean ± S.E.M. * P < 0.05