Table 2 Classification of cardiokines
From: Cardiac-to-adipose axis in metabolic homeostasis and diseases: special instructions from the heart
Cellular type | Name | Structural type | Model | Genetic intervention | Effects on regulation of adipose function | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiomyocytes | ANP | Peptides | In vitro In vitro Human In vitro | No No No No | Improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in AT Increasing energy expenditure and enhancing oxidative capacity in adipocytes Promoting the browning of WAT Regulating the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis Influencing adipokines synthesis and secretion Regulating adipocyte differentiation and proliferation | |
| Â | BNP | Peptides | Human Human | No No | Improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in AT Increasing energy expenditure in adipocytes Promoting the browning of WAT Adipose tissue depots Regulating lipogenesis and lipolysis Influencing adipokines synthesis and secretion | |
| Â | MED13 | Proteins | Mouse Rat Mouse | Yes No Yes | Gaining fat mass and body weight Improving systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance Increasing systematic energy expenditure Regulating WAT gene expression and promoting fatty acid oxidation | |
| Â | CTRPs | Proteins | Mouse Mouse | Yes No | Improving glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in AT Resisting weight gain and fat mass gain Increasing energy expenditure Promoting fatty acid oxidation Enhancing anti-contractile effect in AT | |
| Â | FGF21 | Proteins | Rat Mouse Mouse | No Yes Yes | Reducing body weight gain Regulating glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity Increasing energy expenditure and fat utilization Increasing fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial fat acid uptake and mitochondrial biogenesis Promoting the browning of WAT Influencing adipokines synthesis and secretion | |
| Â | FSTL1 | Proteins | In vitro Mouse Human | No Yes No | Regulating diet-induced systemic metabolism Influencing thermogenic ability in AT Promoting preadipocyte to adipocyte conversion | |
| Â | MG53 | Proteins | Mouse Mouse | No Yes | Regulating insulin resistance and glucose metabolism Promoting lipid utilization and FFA accumulation | |
|  | MiR-208a | Micro RNA | Rat In vitro | No Yes | Controlling body weight gain and fat mass; Inducing mitochondrial β-oxidation | |
| Â | MiR-22-3p | Micro RNA | Human | No | Regulating cellular composition of the stromavascular VAT depot; Regulating adipose inflammation | [72] |
|  | MiR-23–27-24 | Micro RNA in sEV | Mouse | Yes | Regulating systemic metabolism; Suppressing adipocyte endocrine function; Attenuating adipocyte ER stress | [33] |
| Â | MiR-1956 | Micro RNA in sEV | Mouse | Yes | Regulating cell proliferation of adipose-derived MSCs | [37] |
Fibroblasts | MiR-21-3p | Micro RNA | Mouse | Yes | Regulating adipose browning; Down-regulating FGF21 expression | [44] |
Endothelial cells | MiR-409-3p | Micro RNA | In vitro | Yes | Regulating glucose metabolism and insulin tolerance Increasing energy expenditure Decreasing expression of BAT markers Improving BAT angiogenesis | [77] |