Table 1 Adipokines in cardiac regulation
From: Cardiac-to-adipose axis in metabolic homeostasis and diseases: special instructions from the heart
Adipose location | Cellular type | Content/cargo | Healthy/pathological heart | Regulatory effects of cardiac function | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrascapular BAT (iBAT) | Brown adipocyte | iNOS in sEV | Cardiac remodeling | Inducing the activation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) Protecting against cardiac remodeling | [16] |
Intrascapular BAT (iBAT) | Brown adipocyte | miR-125b-5p, miR-128-3p, miR-30d-5p in sEV | MI/R | Ameliorating MI/R-related cardiac dysfunction Suppressing apoptosis by inhibition of MAPK pathway | [17] |
Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) | Adipocyte | miR-130b-3p in sEV | Diabetic MI/R | Increasing systolic/diastolic function Decreasing infarct size in cardiac tissue Promoting cardiomyocyte apoptosis | [18] |
Pericardial adipose tissue | Adipocyte | Adipsin in sEV | MI | Alleviating MI-induced cardiac injury, including reduced myocardial fibrotic area and increased survival rate Mitigating iron over-loading and lipid oxidative stress | [19] |
Epicardial fat (eFat) | Not mentioned | Cytokines, miRNAs in sEV | AF | Stimulating cardiac fibrosis Simulating angiogenesis by targeting endothelial cells Promoting the initiation and maintenance of reentrant arrhythmias | [20] |
Not mentioned | Macrophage | miR-140-5p in sEV | Obesity-induced cardiac injury | Provoking obvious cardiac injury Inducing lipid peroxides and mitochondrial injury Promoting ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes | [21] |
In vitro | 3T3-L1 adipocyte | miR-802-5p in sEV | Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes | Inducing insulin resistance and mitigating the insulin-sensitizing effects of adiponectin Enhancing oxidative stress | [22] |
In vitro | ADSC | SIRT1 in sEV | AMI | Increasing the survival rate Reducing infarct size and post-AMI left ventricular remodeling; Inducing vasculogenesis Decreasing AMI-induced myocardial inflammation; Promoting migration and tube formation of AMI-EPCs | [23] |
In vitro | ADSC | miR-205 in sEV | AMI | Improving LVEF by alleviating MI-induced cardiac fibrosis Reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis Increasing angiogenesis | [24] |
In vitro | ADSC | miR-196a-5p, miR-425-5p in sEV | AMI | Preventing mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species production Increasing angiogenesis Modulating macrophage polarization toward M2 Reducing myofibroblast activation and decreasing collagen expression | [25] |
In vitro | ADSC | miR-320d in sEV | AF | Reducing apoptosis and increasing cell viability in cardiomyocytes Activating STAT3 signaling pathway | [26] |
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | APN | MI | Improving cardiac function | [15] |
Enhancing myocardial oxygen metabolism | [27] | ||||
Decreasing LSG function and neural activity | [40] | ||||
Suppressing ventricular arrhythmia | [41] | ||||
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | omentin1 | MI-induced HF | Ameliorating cardiac function, cardiac hypertrophy, infarct size and cardiac pathological features | [28] |
Increasing mitochondrial fusion and decreasing mitochondrial fission Promoting PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy Enhancing SIRT3/FOXO3a signaling | [42] | ||||
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | FABP4 | Obese heart | Depressing shortening amplitude in cardiomyocytes Decreasing intracellular systolic peak Ca(2 +) in cardiomyocytes Reducing the excitation–contraction gain | |
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | Resistin | MI/R | Improving left ventricular ejection fraction Mitigating I/R-induced fibrosis; Reducing atrial natriuretic peptide/brain natriuretic peptide expression Inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis Promoting ADSC proliferation | |
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | Apelin | Pressure overload-heart | Preventing myocardial fibrosis and cardiac remodelling Inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated fibrotic response | |
Adipose tissue | Adipocyte | CTRP3 | Hypertension-induced cardiac hypertrophy | Restoring left ventricular cardiac contractile function Alleviating cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis; Inhibiting expressions of hypertrophic and fibrotic signaling Modulating endoplasmic reticulum stress | |
Visceral adipose tissue | Adipocyte | TNF-α, visfatin, HMGB1 | Obese cardiac cells (in vitro) | Provoking apoptosis Blocking differentiation | [35] |
Visceral fat cell | Adipocyte | Vaspin | Sepsis-induced cardiac injury | Reducing mortality Alleviating cardiac injury and cardiac dysfunction Attenuating cardiac inflammation Reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis | |
Pericardial adipose tissue | Adipocyte | Leptin | HFD- induced obesity | Exacerbating myocardial remodeling and dysfunction Elevating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in hearts Stimulating apoptosis of cardiomyoblasts | |
Epididymal and pericardial adipose tissue | White adipocyte | SFRP5 | MI/R | Restoring cardiac function Decreasing infarct size; Inhibiting cardiac myocyte apoptosis and inflammation | |
Brown adipose tissue | Brown adipocyte | Neuregulin-4 | Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Alleviating myocardial injury Upregulating autophagy via AMPK/mTOR pathway | [39] |