Fig. 1
From: Cardiac-to-adipose axis in metabolic homeostasis and diseases: special instructions from the heart
Cardiokines-mediated communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Cardiokines can be divided into peptides, proteins, miRNAs and sEVs. The physiological regulation of adipose tissue includes lipolysis, adipogenesis, energy expenditure, browning of adipose tissue, and the synthesis and secretion of adipokines. While in pathological situations, cardiokine-mediated adipose regulation differs in several diseases. The cardiomyocyte-derived miR-23-27-24 impairs adipose tissue's metabolism and endocrine function by exacerbating adipose ER stress in AMI. In CHD models, the cardiomyocyte-derived BNP leads to metabolic disorder and abnormal adiponectin secretion in adipose tissue. At the same time, adipokines in obesity and diabetes play a vital role in insulin resistance, systemic metabolism, lipid metabolism in AT, adipocyte cell size, adipogenesis, adipose tissue browning, the anti-contractile effect, adipose inflammation and angiogenesis in BAT