Table 5 Metabolomic characterisation of aortic diseases
From: Multi-omics in thoracic aortic aneurysm: the complex road to the simplification
Aneurysm Type | Source | Pathways | Notes | Citations | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Samples | Target | Up/Down | |||
AAA | Human | Blood | Metabolomic characterisation | ↓ Acylcarnities | Fingerprinting analysis for an aneurysm size-based stratification | [152] |
↓ Sphingosine-1-phosphate | ||||||
↓ Sphinganine-1-phosphate | ||||||
↑ Guanidinosuccinic acid | ||||||
MFS-TAA, AAA | Human | Aortic tissue and VSMC | Proteomic characterisation | ↓ PPAR factors |  | [144] |
AAA | Human | Aortic and AAA thrombus | Inflammation factors | ↑ Leukotriene compounds |  | [153] |
↑ Hippuric acid | ||||||
↑ Lysophosphatidylcholines | ||||||
↑ Hydroxy-oxo-cholanoic acid | ||||||
↑ Pyridoxamine 5’-phosphate | ||||||
↑ 5-oxo proline exchange | ||||||
AAA | Human | Plasma | Inflammation and oxidative stress factors | ↑ Plasma glucose | Plasma fingerprinting by GC–MS | [154] |
↑ Free phosphate | ||||||
↑ Ketones | ||||||
↑ Fatty acids | ||||||
sTAA, BAV-TAA, TAD | Human | Aortic tissue | Metabolites | ↑ Sphingomyelin | First metabolomic study on sTAA: targeted FIA-MS/MS metabolomics approach | [156] |
Syndromic and non-syndromic TAA | Human–Murine | Plasma | Metabolites | ↑ C18-ceramide (TAD) |  | |
↓ Pyridoxate levels (TAA) | ||||||
Aortic tissue | ||||||
Atherosclerotic TAA (aTAA), non-atherosclerotic TAA (naTAA, including MFS samples), atherosclerotic AAA | Human | Aortic tissue | Lipids | ↑ Cholesterol (aTAA, naTAA, AAA) |  | [160] |
↓ Ether-type phosphatidylethanolamines (naTAA) | ||||||
↑ Phospholipids (naTAA) | ||||||
↑ Oxidised cholesterolester (naTAA) | ||||||
↑ Triacylglycerols (naTAA) | ||||||
↑ Prostaglandin D2 (naTAA) | ||||||
↑ 15-LOX metabolites (naTAA) | ||||||
LDS-TAA | Human | Aortic tissue | Antioxidant enzymes | ↓ Antioxidant enzyme activity |  | [161] |
TAA, TAD | Human–Murine | Aortic tissue from both TAD patients and Fbn1mgR/mgR | Metabolites | ↑ Proteoglican |  | [150] |
↑ Versican | ||||||
↑ Perlican | ||||||
↓ Aggrecanases | ||||||
↓ Versicanases | ||||||
MFS-TAA | Human | VSMC, aortic tissue and skin samples obtained from MFS patients | TGF-β1, 2 and 3, hyaluronan content, apoptosis, markers of cell migration, and infiltration of vascular progenitor cell | ↑ TGF-β1 |  | [163] |
↑ Hyaluronan | ||||||