Fig. 4

Exos treatment promote functional rehabilitation and M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages post-injury by delivering USP13. a Volcano plot of genes of BV2 microglia treated with PBS and Exos. Red and green dots represent up- and down-regulated DEGs, respectively. b mRNA expression level of USP13 in BV2 microglia treated with PBS and Exos. ***P = 0.0003. c BMS scores in the course of the 28-day recovery period in indicated groups. ***P < 0.001. d Evaluation of motor recovery by rotarod tests at day 28 after SCI. **P < 0.01. e Assessment of electromyography using MEP at day 28 after SCI. f Quantification of MEP amplitudes and latencies in indicated groups. **P = 0.0010, ***P = 0.0005. g, h Double-staining of CD68 and iNOS at day 7 after SCI and quantification of CD68⁺ cells and M1 microglia/macrophages (Scale bar = 100 μm). **P = 0.0012. i, j Double-staining of CD68 and Arg1 at day 7 after SCI and quantification of CD68⁺ cells and M2 microglia/macrophages (Scale bar = 100 μm). ***P < 0.001