Fig. 6

Autophagy is partially involved in the effect of DMI on antimicrobial responses in macrophages. Intracellular survival assay after Mtb, BCG, or Mav (MOI 1) in the presence or absence of DMI. A BMDMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mtb (left panel) or BCG (right panel) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mtb or BCG. B PMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mtb (left panel) or BCG (right panel) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mtb or BCG. C BMDMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mav (MOI 1) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mav. Statistical analysis was conducted with one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Data shown as means ± SD from two independent experiments conducted in triplicate. CFU colony forming unit, n.s. not significant, DMI dimethyl itaconate. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001