Fig. 2From: Dimethyl itaconate is effective in host-directed antimicrobial responses against mycobacterial infections through multifaceted innate immune pathwaysThe treatment with DMI suppresses the expression of inflammatory cytokines and increases the level of protective cytokines in lung tissues from mycobacteria-infected mice. WT mice (n = 5–6 per group) were infected intranasally with Mtb (5 × 104 CFU), BCG (1 × 107 CFU), or Mav (1 × 107 CFU) followed by treatment with vehicle or DMI (50 mg/kg) in accordance with experimental schedule, and monitored at 7 dpi. Lung tissues from Mtb- (A) or BCG- (B) infected mice were used to qRT-PCR analysis to estimate the mRNA expression of Il6, Il10, Il1b, and Tnf. C, D The supernatants from lung lysates separated from BCG- (C) or Mav- (D) infected mice were used to ELISA analysis. Lung tissues from Mtb- (E) or BCG- (F) infected mice were used to qRT-PCR anlaysis to examine the mRNA expression of Ifng and Csf2. Mann–Whitney U test was used to examine the statistical analysis and the results were shown as means ± SEM from at least three independent experiments performed. DMI dimethyl itaconate, n.s. not significant, a.u. arbitrary unit. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001Back to article page