Fig. 9

tPBM attenuated PI-induced seizures and behavioral dysfunctions. A The time course of PI-induced seizures in C57BL/6 mouse after administration of PI (320 mg/kg, i.p.). Average seizure scores were plotted based on the Racine scale. B Note significantly reduced seizure scores by tPBM. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 relative to 250 min PI, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001, ^####p < 0.0001 relative to 250 min PI + tPBM (Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test). C Average seizure scores were lower by tPBM. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; **p = 0.0015 relative to PI only groups (Student’s t-test). D Mortality following PI injection was reduced by tPBM. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; *p = 0.08 relative to PI (chi-square test). E Exploratory behavior in the open field test (OFT) was evaluated 7 days after tPBM in the PI-induced excitotoxicity mouse model. Representative traces of mice pattern activity (red, orange, or green line) resulting from EthovisionXT 12 software video tracking are depicted. F–H Bar graphs show that total distance, the number of line crossings and time spent in the center were significantly altered by tPBM. I Heatmap of the novel object recognition using EthovisionXT 12 software was altered by tPBM. J The bar graph shows that novel object interaction time was significantly increased by tPBM. K Heatmap of the Y-maze showed that spontaneous alternation was impaired by tPBM. L The bar graph shows that the percent of spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze was significantly above chance level by tPBM. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared with PI (ANOVA with the Bonferroni test)