Fig. 5

t-SNE analysis of the CD8⁺ T-cell subset with PD-1. A t-SNE maps of all subjects demonstrating the numerical values of FSC-H, SSC-H, CD8, and PD-1 expression levels. B Pseudocolor smooth density plots displaying the change in the CD8⁺ T-cell population frequency with a selected marker, PD-1, among healthy volunteers, mild AD patients, and moderate AD patients. C Eight populations on the t-SNE map were clustered by the FlowSOM algorithm. D The heatmap demonstrates the frequency of each population with different markers (FSC, SSC, CD8, and PD-1). E Populations 3 and 7 in CD8⁺ T cells among healthy volunteers, mild AD patients, and moderate AD patients are shown in the scatter plots. A Mann‒Whitney U test was used to compare healthy volunteers (n = 16), mild AD patients (n = 10), and moderate AD patients (n = 6); median values are indicated by thick black lines in the scatter plots. *p < 0.05