Fig. 3

MSC-associated heterogeneous microenvironments and MSC therapeutic suggestion. a The various MSC-associated dynamic microenvironments have been sensed within the body, as illustrated by pathological, physiological and/or pathophysiological/physiopathological microenvironments. A newly established tissue microenvironment may be impacted and altered by pathological or physiological environmental factors. b Biological behaviors of MSCs resided in a special tissue may be affected by the pathological harmful microenvironmental factors. Such MSCs obtained from the special tissue are not suggested to be transplanted into the recipients. c MSCs obtained from healthy tissues can be transplanted into the recipients. d MSCs may also exist in an unknown or suspected etiological microenvironment. MSCs obtained from a special tissue, where MSCs are potentially impacted by unknown or suspected harmful microenvironmental factors, are suggested to be conducted an analysis of etiology for their medical practice. Allo allogeneic, Auto autologous, ME microenvironment