Fig. 1

Effects of mechanical loading on BMSCs activities. a Mechanical loading, generated by locomotion, from longitudinal direction induces the deformation of trabecular porosity. Deformed trabecular network generates the fluid flow of extracellular matrix (ECM). The fluid shear stress (FSS) subsequently activates the mechanoresponse of BMSCs. b FSS majorly induces several cellular activities of BMSCs. First, mechanical signal could easily induce the deformation of BMSCs within 90 s. The change of cell shape is followed by cell migration through ECM-integrin-actin cytoskeleton pathway. During the movement of BMSCs, focal adhesion (FA) is formed to provide the “catch bond” against the intracellular traction force, pulling the cell forward. The disassembly of FA marks the end of movement. Second, continuous mechanical stress could lead to an increase of BMSCs proliferation and differentiation. The direction of BMSCs differentiation depends on the magnitude and frequency of FSS