Table 3 Exosomal cargoes in retroviral infection

Protein

Nef

HIV-1 infected cells

T cells

Making the latent cells more vulnerable to HIV infection

[72]

T cells

T cells

Inhibiting the generation of CD4 + EVs from T cells

[73]

Macrophages

T cells

Inhibiting T cell function via beta-COP-dependent pathway and degradation of MHC-I and CD4 + molecules

[76]

HIV-1-infected macrophages

B cells

Inhibiting the adaptive immune response by deterring the IgA and IgG production in B lymphocytes

[77]

HIV-1 infected cells

Macrophages

Increasing secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines

[91]

Plasma from patients with HAD

SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

HAND progression

[98]

HIV-infected microglia

Microglia

HIV-induced neuropathogenesis

[99]

CCR5

PBMNCs and CCR5 + ovary cells

CCR5-null cells

Enhancing HIV-1 infection

[78]

CXCR4

Megakaryocytes and platelets

CXCR4-null cell

Enhancing HIV-1 infection

[79]

APOBEC3G

HIV-infected cells

PBMCs

Preventing virus production

[82]

cGAMP

HIV-infected cells

DCs

Interferon upregulation

[83, 84]

Tat and TAR

CSF samples of HIV-positive individuals

Not Assigned

Inducing pro-inflammatory responses

[87]

Tat

Tat-expressing primary astrocytes

SHSY-5Y

Neurite reduction and neuron death

[97]

Notch4 and oxidative stress markers

Plasma of HIV + patients

THP-1 monocyte cells

Inducing pro-inflammatory responses

[92]

Fibronectin and galectin-3

HIV-1 infected DCs

T-cells

Up-regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines expression

[93]

Tax

HTLV-1-infected cells

Microglia cells

Inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines

[132]

HAM/TSP patients PBMCs and CSF samples

Uninfected PBMCs

Lessening the CD4 + CD25 + T cells

[133]

mRNAs & miRs

TAR

HIV-infected cells

293 T cells

Protecting cells from apoptosis for production of virus in infected cells

[80]

HIV-infected cells

Primary macrophages or mouse neuronal cells

Stimulating the secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α, the pro-inflammatory cytokines

[88]

HIV-infected T cells

HSC3 HNSCC and H1299 lung cancer cells

Development of lung cancer and HNSCC

[102]

vmiR88 and vmiR99

HIV-infected macrophages and the sera of HIV + individuals

THP-1 macrophages

Inducing an inflammatory response

[85]

miRNA-29b

Astrocytes treated with both morphine and HIV Tat

Neurons

Downregulation of PDGF-B expression and neuronal cell death

[94]

miRNA-155-5p

HIV-infected T cells

Cervical cancer cells

Up-regulating the expression of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8

[100]

Tax and HBZ

HTLV-1-infected cells

PBMCs

Infection progression

[128]