Table 1 Chemical and pharmacological agents for targeting exosome biogenesis, secretion, and uptake

Inhibition of exosome biogenesis and secretion

GW4869

Targeting neutral sphingomyelinase 2

[29]

Manumycin

Inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway

[99]

Indomethacin

Blocking the expression of ABCA-3

[33]

Ketotifen

Unknown

[100]

Chloramidine and bisindolylmaleimide-I

Unknown

[101]

Lansoprazole (proton pump inhibitor)

Decreasing microenvironmental acidity

[96]

Inhibition of exosome internalization

Heparin

Inhibition of HSPG mediated endocytosis

[104]

Cytochalasin D

Inhibition of actin polymerization

[105]

Dynasore

Inhibition of the GTPase activity of dynamin

[106]

Chlorpromazine

Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis

[107]

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin

Remove cholesterol from the cell membrane

[108]

Nystatin and Simvastatin*

Inhibition of the lipid raft -mediated endocytosis pathway/*Inhibitor of HMG-CoA

[109]

Filipin III

Inhibitor of lipid raft dependent and caveolar endocytosis

[88]