Fig. 2
From: New insights into the cellular activities of Fndc5/Irisin and its signaling pathways
Graphic summary of physiological activities of Fndc5/Irisin that are elicited through pathways other than MAP-kinase signaling. Alternative signaling pathways that transmit the effects of Fndc5/Irisin are AMP-kinase, STAT3 and the TLR4 pathways. These pathways are involved in a set of cellular functions responsible for proliferation, anti-metastatic and anti-inflammatory activities. Irisin improves cardiac hypertrophy by inducing protective autophagy via mTOR independent activation of AMPK-ULK1 and AMPK- mTOR pathways. On the other hand, Irisin has an antidepressant-like effect in hippocampus. Of note that, Irisin lowers blood pressure via the AMPK-Akt-eNOS-NO pathway in endothelial cells. Anti-inflammatory properties of irisin are connected to TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway activation in macrophages. For detailed information please see the text