Table 2 Small molecules that inhibit NMD efficiency

NMD inhibitors

 PI3K-like kinase inhibitors (e.g. caffeine, wortmannin)

Inhibits SMG1 kinase activity

[171, 172]

 NMDI1

Disrupts the interaction between SMG5 and Upf1

[174]

 NMDI14

Disrupts the interaction between SMG7 and Upf1

[158]

 Patemine A

Inhibits the NMD function of eIF4A3

[23]

 5-azacytidine

Promotes expression of c-Myc, which represses NMD

[175]

 Cardiac glycosides (e.g. digoxin, ouabain)

Increase cytoplasmic calcium, which represses NMD

[137]

Translation inhibitors

 Cyclohexamide

Inhibits translation

[95]

 Emetine

Inhibits translation

[95]

 Puromycin

Inhibits translation

[95]

 Anisomycin

Inhibits translation

[95]

Translation modifiers

 Suppressor tRNAs

Change stop codons into amino acid-encoding codons

[164,165,166]

 PTC-124

Promotes stop codon read-through

[167]

 Aminoglycosides

Promotes stop codon read-through

[168, 169]

 Amlexanox

Promotes stop codon read-through

[170]