Table 2 Extracardiac defects associated with congenital heart defects

Digestive system malformations

56

62

55

22

39

9

31

7

15

6

128

7

10

15

6

5

473

Esophageal atresia

14

17

15

5

10

2

14

8

36

1

3

6

1

1

133

Duodenal atresia/stenosis

15

24

14

3

3

7

1

4

1

41

3

4

2

2

124

Persistent right umbilical vein

12

12

16

8

22

5

8

1

2

4

22

2

3

1

2

120

Hyperechoic bowel

7

5

8

4

3

1

1

5

1

1

18

3

1

4

4

66

Bowel dilatation

8

4

2

2

1

1

1

11

30

CNS malformations

136

177

142

40

48

32

46

20

15

3

427

29

44

37

14

12

1222

Dandy-walker

25

37

21

10

6

8

12

5

3

1

58

2

10

7

2

3

210

Choroid plexus cysts

9

42

35

1

4

1

2

1

3

92

3

3

4

1

201

Medulla oblongata broadening

19

16

18

10

7

6

4

3

77

3

7

7

2

2

181

Lateral ventricle broadening

17

26

14

4

8

5

4

5

3

2

52

11

6

6

3

5

171

Hydrocephalus

16

11

16

5

3

1

9

3

1

34

1

1

4

2

1

108

Holoprosencephaly

19

19

16

3

13

6

7

3

34

4

7

3

1

135

Agenesis of corpus callosum

7

13

6

2

1

2

1

2

23

3

4

4

2

70

Spina bifida

10

7

7

4

4

2

5

2

4

66

Arachnoid cyst

8

1

4

1

1

13

2

2

2

34

Spinal meningocele

5

3

3

1

2

1

11

26

Septum pellucidum broadening

1

2

2

1

12

2

20

Fetal appendage malformations

137

112

138

31

51

35

54

23

22

1

241

47

31

28

12

8

971

Single umbilical artery

128

103

113

30

48

34

47

21

22

1

205

47

28

26

11

8

872

Cyst of cord

9

9

25

1

3

1

7

2

36

3

2

1

99

Skeletal system malformations

52

88

68

16

24

13

27

7

15

1

196

11

13

12

3

1

547

Abnormal handing posture

8

23

16

2

3

2

5

1

3

61

1

5

7

137

Talipes equinovarus

16

27

18

7

8

4

5

4

50

3

4

1

147

Absent radius

16

29

21

4

4

3

6

1

3

50

1

3

Scoliosis

4

2

6

2

6

2

5

3

1

15

1

1

1

49

Hemipyramid

5

2

2

1

3

4

1

10

5

1

1

1

36

Achondroplasia

3

5

5

2

2

4

2

10

3

1

37

Craniofacial anomalies

88

96

84

17

23

22

28

10

15

4

219

9

20

13

9

2

659

Labial fold

43

32

38

12

9

13

16

3

4

2

89

4

12

9

5

1

292

Nasal bone agenesis

17

30

9

2

4

5

7

2

4

1

57

1

1

3

1

144

Micrognathia

9

19

15

1

5

4

2

2

1

32

1

5

1

97

Eye span long/short

9

10

14

1

3

3

1

3

2

19

3

1

1

2

1

73

Ear deformity

10

5

8

1

2

1

3

22

1

53

Fetal hydrops

54

74

48

12

40

84

16

25

8

7

135

15

18

22

16

574

Skin dropsy / Separate cystic hygroma

25

36

23

5

16

41

7

7

3

1

64

5

7

10

6

0

256

Hydrothorax/Ascites

29

38

25

7

24

43

9

18

5

6

71

10

11

12

10

0

318

Urogenital system malformations

99

70

83

29

48

34

32

14

12

1

172

26

26

21

22

9

698

Hydronephrosis

22

16

15

7

9

11

4

2

1

31

6

8

4

4

3

143

Polycystic kidney

18

12

19

1

11

5

9

5

2

33

4

3

5

6

2

135

Renal agenesis

25

9

15

3

5

3

7

3

38

8

1

8

7

132

Horseshoe kidney

7

3

6

5

1

1

1

18

3

3

1

1

50

Duplex kidney

3

4

3

2

4

3

2

1

2

2

28

Diaphragmatic hernia

15

18

16

11

18

3

9

2

4

35

1

4

2

1

139

Pulmonary hypoplasia

8

5

5

6

5

1

2

2

9

3

2

48

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation

1

3

4

1

3

0

1

2

4

1

2

1

23

Abdominal-wall defects

29

27

30

6

10

9

12

2

1

60

4

2

2

194

Omphalocele

27

23

23

4

7

9

11

1

1

52

3

2

2

165

Gastroschisis

2

4

7

2

3

1

1

8

1

29

Total (n = 5,338)

651

706

648

173

283

238

246

108

103

23

1,578

148

164

150

82

37

5,338