Ribosomal protein L34 is a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in hilar cholangiocarcinoma

Ribosomal protein 34 (RPL34) is a highly conserved protein belonging to the 60S large subunit of mammalian ribosomes that has been found to be dysregulated in a variety of human tumors. However, there are limited results that illuminate the role and expression profiles of RPL34 in hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA). RPL34 expression was detected in human HCCA by immunohistochemistry. The relationship of RPL34 expression with clinical outcomes was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. The effect of RPL34 on cell migration and tumor growth was detected after silencing endogenous RPL34 expression. RPL34 was overexpressed in HCCA compared with normal tissue samples and correlated significantly with regional lymph node metastasis and poorly/undifferentiated tumors. Patients with high RPL34 expression had a shorter time to recur and a poorer outcome than those without RPL34 expression. Silencing RPL34 inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro and upregulated E-cadherin. Silencing RPL34 also attenuated tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggested that RPL34 might serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCCA.


Background
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA), which is characterized by invasive tumor biology, low surgical resectability, high recurrence and poor survival outcome, is one of the most intractable cancers. HCCA accounts for 60% of all cholangiocarcinomas [1]. The ideal treatment for HCCA is surgical resection. However, the recurrence rate after primary surgery often reaches 50-75%, which exclusively depends on the feasibility of surgical resection with a negative margin. The 5-year survival rate of patients undergoing surgery is still only 30-42% [2,3]. According to the low surgical resectability and poor survival outcomes, novel prognostic factors and treatment strategies are desired to play a role in clinical practice. As a consequence, gaining insight into the molecular mechanisms is essential to predict patient prognosis and improve clinical strategies.
Mammalian ribosomes include a 40S subunit and a 60S subunit, which consist of 4 ribosomal RNAs and approximately 80 ribosomal proteins. On the basis of the size of the subunits they derive from, those ribosomal proteins can be divided into two classes: RPS (ribosomal proteins in small subunits) and RPL (ribosomal proteins in large subunits). In a previous study, the function of ribosomal proteins was mainly related to the structural stability of rRNAs in mature subunits and the accurate folding of rRNAs in ribosomal assembly [4][5][6]. However, in addition to its function in ribosomal assembly, ribosomal proteins also participate in other physiological functions depending on their expression level, such as gene expression, nucleic acid replication, DNA repair, and the cell cycle [7]. Under pathological conditions, the expression of ribosomal proteins has a significant role in disease progression. Aberrant regulation of ribosomal proteins influences tumorigenesis, leukemogenesis and Turner syndrome [8,9]. A number of ribosomal proteins have diverse roles in cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. In gastric cancer, for example, RPL6, RPL13, RPL15 and RPS13 have high expression and increase cancer cell proliferation and promote cancer development [10][11][12][13]. RPL19 is highly expressed in prostate cancer and colorectal cancer, which correlates significantly with poor patient outcomes [14,15]. The secretion of PRS3 could result in drug resistance and malignancy in various cancer cells [16]. RPL34 is a highly conserved protein belonging to the 60S large subunit, which has a zinc finger motif [17]. In several cancers, RPL34 was dysregulated in various cancers, and silencing RPL34 led to inhibition of cell proliferation and migration [18][19][20][21][22][23]. However, there are not enough results to illuminate the role of RPL34 and its clinical significance in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
In this study, we detected the expression level of RPL34 protein in 121 HCCA tissues and adjacent tissues and analyzed the relationship between its expression level and patient outcome.

Expression profiles of RPL34 protein in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues
Positive staining of RPL34 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, while adjacent noncancerous tissues showed negative or extremely weak expression of RPL34 (Fig. 1a). According to the category standard, 77.7% (94/121) of HCCAs had high RPL34 expression (Fig. 1b, c), and the other 22.3% (27/121) of HCCAs had negative RPL34 expression (Fig. 1d). In RPL34-positive tumors, nearly all tumor cells showed positive staining of RPL34. However, the level of RPL34-high expression staining seemed to be different even in the same tumor slide (Fig. 2a). As shown in Fig. 2, the level of RPL34-positive staining was relatively lower in well-differentiated tumor regions (Fig. 2b) than in invasive tumor cells (Fig. 2c,  d). Table 1 lists the association between RPL34-positive expression and clinicopathological parameters of HCCA. The results indicated that RPL34 expression was statistically related to tumor N stage and differentiation degree. RPL34 expression was more often observed in poorly differentiated tumors than in highly/moderately differentiated tumors (82.0% vs 30.0%, P = 0.001). Moreover, patients with LN metastasis were more likely to have a high expression level of RPL34 than those without LN metastasis (84.6% vs 69.6%, P = 0.049). There was no significant correlation between RPL34 expression and age, sex, tumor size or disease stage (P > 0.05).

RPL34 expression and prognosis of patients with HCCA
The predictive and prognostic values of RPL34 were investigated in these patients with CCA. The follow-up was not available for three patients. The clinicopathological parameters, such as age, sex, tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, positive margin, differentiation, T stage, and TNM stage, were used for the following univariate analysis of tumor recurrence and overall survival. In accordance with previous reports, positive margin (1.75 years for negative margin vs 0.75 years for positive margin, P = 0.024), regional lymph nodes (1.83 years for without LN metastasis vs 0.92 for LN metastasis, P = 0.015), and advanced disease stage (2.73 years for stage I/II vs 1.0 year for stage III/IV, P = 0.023) were associated with tumor recurrence in HCCA. In addition, patients with RPL34-positive tumors had a shorter time to recur than those with RPL34-negative expression (1.46 years vs 3.73 years, P < 0.001) (Fig. 3, Table 2). In the Cox model, RPL34 expression was the only independent predictive factor for tumor recurrence.
For overall survival, positive margin (2.46 years for negative margin vs 1.64 years for positive margin, P = 0.013), T stage (2.51 years for T1/T2 vs 1.75 for T3/ T4, P = 0.019), regional lymph nodes (2.72 years for without LN metastasis vs 1.68 for LN metastasis, P = 0.001), advanced disease stage (2.96 years for stage I/II vs 1.82 years for stage III/IV, P = 0.003), and poor differentiation (3.10 years for well/moderately differentiated tumors vs 2.02 years for poorly differentiated/undifferentiated tumors, P = 0.025) correlated significantly with worse patient outcomes. In particular, patients with RPL34-positive tumors had a decreased overall survival compared with those without RPL34 expression (1.70 years vs 3.63 years, P < 0.001) (Fig. 4, Table 3). In the multivariate Cox model, RPL34 expression was also the only independent prognostic factor for patients with HCCA (Table 3).

Knockdown of RPL34 inhibited HCCA cell growth and migration in vitro and tumor growth in vivo
To examine the biological role of RPL34 in HCCA, we employed shRNA against RPL34 to stably knock down RPL34 in QBC939 cells and detected the effect of RPL34 on cell proliferation by the CCK-8 assay and cell migration using Transwell migration assays (Fig. 5). Silencing of RPL34 expression suppressed the proliferation of QBC939 cells (Fig. 5a). In the xenograft tumor models, tumors formed by RPL34-silenced QBC939 cells were smaller in volume than the tumors formed by control cells (Fig. 5b). Moreover, silencing RPL34 sharply inhibited the migration of QBC939 cells (Fig. 5c). We further investigated the potential mechanism by which sh-RPL34 inhibited QBC939 cell proliferation and migration. Knockdown of RPL34 significantly increased the protein expression levels of E-cadherin compared with the sh-NC group ( Fig. 5d) but did not affect the expression of metabolism-related proteins (Fig. 5e).

Discussion
In the present study, we systemically investigated the expression profiles of RPL34 in human HCCA samples and aimed to confirm its biological role in cancer progression. RPL34 was extremely highly expressed in HCCA cells and correlated significantly with regional lymph node metastasis. Knockdown of RPL34 efficiently inhibited cell proliferation and migration in vitro and attenuated tumor growth in vivo in HCCA cell lines. Finally, RPL34 expression was an adverse predictor of tumor recurrence and poor prognosis in patients with HCCA.
Previous studies have mainly focused on mosquitoes and plants [24] but are rare in cancer development. In the past 3 years, however, increasing studies have demonstrated that RPL34 is deregulated in various types of human cancers, including nonsmall lung cancer, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer and prostate cancer [18][19][20]22]. RPL34 could regulate cell cycle transition by inhibiting Cdk4 and Cdk5 in HeLa cells [25]. In nonsmall lung cancer and gastric cancer, overexpression of RPL34 contributes to cancer cell proliferation [18,20]. For osteosarcoma patients, high expression of RPL34 often indicates a poor prognosis [26]. Silencing RPL34 via small interfering RNA (siRNA) can inhibit Saso-2 cell growth, increase cell apoptosis and arrest cells in G2/M phase. In the present study, we observed higher RPL34 expression in tumor tissues than in noncancerous tissues, which was the same as the expression in other cancers [18,20,26]. Regional lymph node metastasis is an important adverse factor in predicting tumor recurrence and poor survival of patients with solid tumors. Our data showed that RPL34-positive tumors had a higher chance of being accompanied by regional lymph node metastasis. Most interestingly, even in the same tumor, invasive tumor cells had a higher level of RPL34 expression than less invasive tumor cells. Generally, well/moderately differentiated tumor cells had less invasive ability than poorly/ undifferentiated tumor cells. Our data also demonstrated higher expression of RPL34 in well/moderately differentiated tumor regions than in poorly/undifferentiated tumor regions. Moreover, an in vivo study revealed that knockdown of RPL34 led to inhibition of cell proliferation, especially cell migration. All these data confirmed the significant role of RPL34 in cancer development and progression.
HCCA is a highly aggressive tumor with poor 5-year survival. A number of clinicopathological variables, such as lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and negative surgical margins, have been proposed to be responsible for tumor recurrence and overall survival. In the present study, we proved that lymph node metastasis, surgical margins, and disease stage were unfavorable factors for predicting tumor recurrence. In agreement with previous studies, none of these parameters could be regarded as independent predictors of tumor recurrence or patient outcome in a small cohort. Therefore, it is necessary to  [27][28][29]. In the present study, we provided strong evidence that patients with RPL34-expressing tumors were more likely to recur and had a poorer outcome than those without RPL34-expressing tumors. This finding suggested that RPL34 overexpression is an important event in HCCA tumorigenesis and is a useful biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence and outcome. Mechanistically, silencing RPL34 suppressed cell proliferation by increasing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer (RNAi-mediated RPL34 knockdown suppresses the growth of human gastric cancer cells). In esophageal cancer, knockdown of RPL34 could upregulate E-cadherin expression and downregulate N-cadherin expression, indicating that depletion of RPL34 inhibited cell migration and invasion by suppressing the EMT phenotype [22]. Here, we demonstrated that silencing RPL34 increased E-cadherin expression but did not downregulate N-cadherin, indicating another potential mechanism involved in RPL34 regulation. Given the importance of cancer metabolism in tumorigenesis and metastasis, we detected the expression levels of several metabolismrelated biomarkers, namely, PKM2, PCK2, and AKR1C1, in HCCA cells after silencing RPL34. However, silencing RPL34 failed to decrease the expression of the above biomarkers. These results suggest that RPL34 has a more complex underlying mechanism for promoting tumor development and metastasis. Therefore, the limitations of this study are the lack of direct molecular mechanisms of RPL34 in tumor progression, which will be further investigated in future studies.

Conclusion
Combined with the predictive role of RPL34 in tumor recurrence and overall survival, our findings suggested that RPL34 might serve as a promising prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCCA.

Tissue samples and ethics statement
Patients with HCCA who underwent tumor resection at the Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital between January 2004 and December 2008 were reviewed by two pathologists. Only adenocarcinoma, not other tumor types, such as neuroendocrine carcinomas, was enrolled in this study. Finally, a total of 121 patients with HCCA and 25 with matched adjacent noncancerous bile duct epitheliums were used for the following study. The median age of these patients was 55 years, ranging from 30.5 to 79 years. The detailed information of these patients is listed in Table I. Of the enrolled patients, 82 (67.8%) were male, 39 (32.2%) were female, 48 (39.7%) were diagnosed with stage III/IV disease, and 73 (60.3%) exhibited stage I/II disease according to AJCC TNM staging for all types of cholangiocarcinoma [30]. A total of 118 of 121 (97.5%) of the enrolled patients were available for follow-up through telephone or mail. PFS (progression-free survival) refers to the period of time between the surgical resection of the tumor and the recurrence of HCCA. OS (overall survival) refers to the period between the time of cholangiocarcinectomy and patient death. None of these patients received any preoperative treatment, either radiotherapy or chemotherapy. All patients received standard courses of postoperative adjuvant treatment according to the NCCN guidelines. Informed consent for the study purpose of the resected specimens was signed by all patients. The use of the resected specimens and clinical information was approved by the Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital Institutional Review Boards.

Immunohistochemical staining and analysis
Four-micron paraffin-embedded sections of tumor specimens were prepared and were microwave-treated in 0.01 mol/l citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 99 °C for 4 min. was used to visualize the primary antibody binding to the tissues. DAB was used as the substrate for horseradish peroxidase, and the tissues were counterstained with hematoxylin. A semiquantitative scoring system was used to evaluate the expression of RPL34 under an Olympus CX31 microscope (Olympus, Center Valley, PA, USA), as previously described [27]. The staining intensity was divided into negative, 0; weak, 1; moderate, 2; and intense, 3. The percentage of positively stained cells was scored as 0-1 (0-100%). Theoretically, a weighted score ranging between 0 (0% of cells stained) and 3 (100% of the cells stained at 3 + intensity) was generated for each case [31]. A score ≥ 75 was defined as high expression [29].

Cell culture and transfection
The human hilar cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939 was preserved in our lab, cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen) and 1% penicillin-streptomycin solution, and incubated at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 . Lentivirus particles targeting RPL34 (sh-RPL34, TGC TGT AAG ACC TAA AGT T) and its negative control (sh-NC, TTC TCC GAA CGT GTC ACG T) were designed and synthesized by GeneChem Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, P.R. China). For lentivirus infection, QBC939 cells were cultured in 6-well plates, and then the RPL34-shRNA-lentivirus or negative control (NC) lentivirus was added according to a multiplicity of infection (MOI). Seventy-two hours after infection, the cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (MicroPublisher 3.3RTV; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). At 120 h after infection, the cells were harvested to determine the knockdown efficiency by western blotting.

Cell proliferation assay
Stably infected QBC939 cells (RPL34-shRNA and NC) were seeded in 96-well plates and incubated in medium

Cell migration assays
Stably infected QBC939 cells (RPL34-shRNA and NC) were plated in the upper chamber without Matrigel at a density of 1 × 10 5 cells per well. Then, 600 μl of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS was added to the lower chamber. Sixteen hours after incubation, the cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with 95% ethanol, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and then counted under a light microscope (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan).

Western blotting
Stably infected QBC939 cells (RPL34-shRNA and NC) were digested and disrupted by SDS cell lysis buffer. The concentration of total proteins was measured by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit (TaKaRa, Japan). All proteins were separated through electrophoresis using SDS-PAGE and transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes. The membranes were then blocked in blocking buffer (TBST buffer with 5% low-fat milk) for 1 h at room temperature and incubated with anti-RPL34 antibody (1:1000), anti-E-cadherin (1:1000), anti-N-cadherin (1:1000), anti-PCDH9 (1:1000), anti-PKM2 (1:1000), anti-PCK2 (1:1000) and anti-AKR1C1 (1:1000) at 4 °C overnight. After washing three times with PBS, a secondary antibody was incubated for 1 h at room temperature. The signals were detected by enhanced chemiluminescence reagent. Anti-tubulin was used to ensure the loading quality of the sample was consistent.

Animal model
BALB/c-nu mice (4-5 weeks of age, 18-20 g) were purchased from Shanghai Slick Laboratory Animal Co., Ltd. QBC939 cells transfected with sh-RPL34 and control cells (5 × 10 6 ) were suspended in 200 μl of PBS and then injected subcutaneously into the right flank of mice (n = 5/group). Mice were sacrificed 3 weeks after implantation, the tumors were dissected, and the tumor volume was calculated as follows: volume = (width) 2 × length/2. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of The Second Military Medical University.

Statistical analysis
SPSS version 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA.) The χ2 test was used to analyze the associations among categorical data, including age, sex, tumor size, regional lymph node metastasis, positive margin, differentiation, T stage, and TNM stage. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the correlations between these clinicopathological parameters and tumor recurrence or overall survival. The significant predictive or prognostic factors in univariate analysis were enrolled in the Cox proportional hazards model to perform multivariate analysis. The P value for significance was established at 0.05.