Modulating AHR function offers exciting therapeutic potential in gut immunity and inflammation

Chen, Yue; Wang, Yadong; Fu, Yawei; Yin, Yulong; Xu, Kang

doi:10.1186/s13578-023-01046-y

Cell & Bioscience

Table 1 AHR ligands. A list of common AHR ligands, their abbreviations, whether they are exogenous or endogenous, whether they are synthetic or natural products, and their class and source

From: Modulating AHR function offers exciting therapeutic potential in gut immunity and inflammation

Type	Ligand	Abbreviation	Class	Source	References
Exogenous synthetic ligands	2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin	TCDD	Agonists	Municipal and industrial waste incineration, vehicle exhaust, PVC plastics, pesticide production, and steel smelting	Kerkvliet N. I. 2012[328]
	Benzo[a]pyrene	BaP			Park R et al. 2020; Großkopf, H et al. 2021 [329, 330]
	Benz(a)anthracene	BA			GMachala M et al. 2001 [331]
	Polychlorinated biphenyls	PCBs			Safe S. H et al. 2001[332]
	4-(3-Chloro-phenyl)-pyrimidin-2-yl) -(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-amine	VAF347			Ibabao C. N et al. 2015; Zapadka T. E et al. 2021 [333, 334]
Natural exogenous ligands	Berberine	Berberine	Agonists	Dietary	Vrzal R et al. 2005 [95]
	2-(indole-3-methane)-3, 3'-diindolylmethane	LTr-1			Lin L et al. 2022 [335]
	3, 3-diindolylmethane	DIM			Chen I et al. 1996 [336]
	Indolo[3,2-b] carbazole	ICZ			Esser C et al. 2015[42]
	Flavonoids	Flavonoids	Agonists/antagonists		Xue Z et al. 2017 [93]
	Indole-3-carbinol	I3C	Weak agonists/partial antagonists		Peng C et al. 2021 [337]
	Carotenoids	Carotenoids	Weak agonists/partial antagonists		Zhang, S et al,.2003 [79]
	Curcumin	Curcumin	Agonists/antagonists		Ciolino H. P et al. 1998 [338]
	Resveratrol	Resveratrol	Agonists/antagonists		Nguyen N. T et al. 2015 [339]
Endogenous ligands	Lipoxin A4	Lipoxin A4	Agonists	Host metabolism	Denison M. S et al. 2003 [340]
	Bilirubin	Bilirubin			Bradshaw T. D et al. 2009 [141]
	Biliverdin	Biliverdin			Xue J et al. 2012[341]
	Heme metabolites	Heme metabolites			Tan Y. Q et al. 2022 [146]
	6-Formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole	FICZ		Photo-oxidation	Smirnova A et al. 2016; Quintana F. J et al. 2008 [146, 217, 343]
	2-(10H-indole-30-carbonyl)-thiazole-4carboxylic acid methyl ester	ITE		Endogenous/chemical process	Dolciami D et al. 2018 [343]
	Kynurenine	KYN		Host metabolism	Gargaro M et al. 2021[344]
	Cinnabarinic acid	CA			Lowe M. M et al. 2014 [345]
	Kynurenic acid	KA			Novikov O et al. 2016 [346]
	Xanthurenic acid	XA			DiNatale B. C et al. 2010 [347]
	Tryptamine	Tryptamine		Microbiota metabolism	Dopkins N et al. 2021 [348]
	Skatole	skatole			Kurata K et al. 2019 [349]
	Indoleacrylic acid	IA			Lavelle A et al. 2020 [350]
	Indole-3-acid-acetic	IAA			Zhao H et al. 2019 [351]
	Indole-3-propionic acid	IPA			Lavelle A et al. 2020 [350]
	Indole-3-lactic acid	ILA			Wong C. B et al. 2020 [352]
	Indole-3-aldehyde	IAld			Zelante T et al. 2013 [20]
	Indole-3-carboxaldehyde	3-IAld			Puccetti M et al. 2021 [353]
	Indole-3-acetaldehyde	IAAld			Aoki R et al. 2018 [354]

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ISSN: 2045-3701

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