Fig. 1

Unique and sexually dimorphic transcriptomic changes in the neonatal brain due to fetal hypoxia. A. Heatmap of log₂ Fold Change (FC) values of hDEGs from the indicated samples, along with normalized gene expression (log₂ (FPKM + 1)) of male and female normoxic controls. Genes are ordered by hierarchical clustering of the log₂ FC values. In the log₂ FC columns (red-blue), M indicates hypoxia vs. control in males, F indicates hypoxia vs. control in females, and N indicates male vs. female in normoxic controls. In the gene expression columns (white-black), M indicates the pooled gene expression of normoxic males, and F indicates the pooled gene expression of normoxic females. B. Bar plots of the number of hDEGs in samples of the indicated cell type and sex. Bars on the positive y-axis indicate the number of DEGs upregulated due to fetal hypoxia, while bars on the negative y-axis indicate the number of DEGs downregulated due to fetal hypoxia. C–G. Venn diagrams showing the number of hDEGs distinct and overlapping between male (M) and female (F). P-values displayed are for the null hypothesis that the number of male and female hDEGs are the same, by Fisher’s Exact Test. P-value cutoffs are as follows: * p < .01; ** p < .001; *** p < 10^–5; **** p < 10^–10