Fig. 8

Exos treatment promotes functional rehabilitation and M2 polarization of microglia/macrophages through stabilizing IκBα thus inhibiting NF-κB signaling activation in vivo. a BMS scores of Exos-administrated mice which were treated with DMSO or BA, a selective inhibitor of IκBα. ***P < 0.001. b Evaluation of motor recovery by rotarod tests at day 28 after SCI. *P = 0.0302, **P = 0.0083. c, d Representative images and quantification of MEP amplitude and latencies in indicated groups at day 28 post-injury. **P < 0.01. e, f Double-staining of CD68 and iNOS at day 7 after SCI and quantification of CD68⁺ cells and M1 microglia/macrophages (Scale bar = 100 μm). **P = 0.0046. g, h Double-staining of CD68 and Arg1 at day 7 after SCI and quantification of CD68⁺ cells and M2 microglia/macrophages (Scale bar = 100 μm). **P = 0.0015