Goal of studies | Animal model | Growth factors/ deliver methods | Main outcomes | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urethral sphincter | ||||
 Determined the effects of controlled release of IGF-1 from A-PLO-G microbeads on external urethral sphincter tissue regeneration in a rat model of SUI | Rats/ VD | 1 × 104 IGF-1-A-PLO-G microbeads/ Periurethral injection [193] | ↑ LPP, ↑ Ske-M, ↑ Vas | Periurethral administration of IGF-1-A-PLO-G microbeads facilitated recovery from SUI by promoting skeletal myogenesis and revascularization |
 Evaluated the effects of sustained release bFGF injection in rat urethra | Rats/ urethra denervated by Botox | 50 and 200 μg bFGF in gelatin hydrogels/ Periurethral injection [240] | ↑ LPP, ↑ Ske-M, ↑ Sm-M, ↑ Vas | Sustained release bFGF injection in the chemically denervated urethral sphincter facilitated regeneration of the urethral muscles and improved sphincteric contractility |
 Investigated the ability of neurotrophin therapy to facilitate recovery of the neuromuscular continence mechanism | Rats/ PNC + VD | 2 μg BDNF/ day/ Subcutaneous miniature-osmotic pumps [12] | ↑ LPP, ↑ Ske-M, ↑ Peri-N | Continuous targeted neurotrophin therapy accelerated continence recovery after simulated childbirth injury |
 Investigated the growth factor-immobilized porous beads as an injectable urethral bulking agent | Rats/ sciatic nerve transection | 20 μl bFGF or VEGF immobilized porous beads/ Periurethral injections [241] | ↑ LPP, ↑ Sm-M, ↑ contract | Growth factor-immobilized porous beads were a good candidate as an injectable bioactive bulking agent |
 Investigated the effect of dual growth factor-loaded in situ gel-forming bulking agent for the treatment of SUI | Rats/ sciatic nerve transection | 20 μl NGF and/ or bFGF loaded bulking agents/ Periurethral injections [242] | ↑ LPP, ↑ Sm-M, ↑ Peri-N, ↑ contract | NGF/ bFGF-loaded in situ gel-forming bulking agent might be a promising injectable bioactive system for the treatment for SUI |
 Assessed whether HGF combined with IGF-1 promote the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of satellite cells | Rats | 10 μl IGF-1 (50 μg/ ml) and 10 μl HGF (20, 50, 100 μg/ ml)/ Periurethral injections [243] | ↑ Ske-M | Synergistic effect of HGF and IGF-1 injection on skeletal muscle regeneration |
Anal sphincter | ||||
 Investigated effects of IGF-I gene therapy on the injured rat pudendal nerve | Rats/ PNC | 25 μl recombinant human IGF-1 plasmid (75 mg DNA dose)/ IM [244] | ↑ Peri-N | IGF-I gene therapy might improve the distal recovery of structure and function of pudendal nerve |
 Compared several growth factors to optimize the growth and survival of a bioengineered internal anal sphincter | Mice | 10 μg of FGF-2, 2 μg of VEGF or 2 μg of PDGF/ Subcutaneous micro-osmotic pump [245] | ↑ Sm-M, ↑ Vas | All growth factors displayed encouraging performance, particularly PDGF-supplemented implants after in vivo implantation |