Table 2 The function and regulatory mechanism of TSPAN members in cancer

TSPAN1

TSPAN1

[36]

2009

OVC

Elevated expression in advanced stage ovarian cancer

–

–

–

[38]

2010

CRC

Promotes proliferation and invasion

–

–

–

[35]

2015

GC

Promotes proliferation and invasion

–

–

miR-573

[39]

2017

PC

Promote migration and EMT

–

–

androgen

[33]

2018

CCA

Promote growth, EMT and metastasis

α6β1

PI3K/AKT

–

[116]

2018

CRC

Upregulated in EVs

–

–

–

[34]

2019

PDAC

Promote migration and invasion

–

MMP2

–

[93]

2020

HNSCC

Promote resistance to cisplatin, proliferation, inhibit apoptosis

–

EMT SRC signaling

–

[79]

2021

PDAC

Promote proliferation

LC3

Autophagy

miR454

[37]

2021

BC

Promote proliferation, migration and EMT

–

PI3K/AKT

–

TSPAN3

TSPAN3

[91]

2015

AML

Enhance stemness

–

CXCL12

Musashi 2

[101]

2020

AML

Promote adriamycin resistance, proliferation, migration and invasion and reduced apoptosis

–

–

miR-193a-3p

TSPAN4

TSPAN4

[27]

2019

BC

Promote migrasome formation

–

increase membrane stiffness

–

[118]

2022

GC

Promote membrane repair

–

–

–

TSPAN6

TSPAN6

[83]

2021

CRC

Inhibit carcinogenesis

tmTGFa

EGFR

–

[20]

2022

KRAS driven cancer

Inhhibit tumor growth and metastasis

EGFR

RAS

–

TSPAN7

TSPAN7

[74]

2015

Myeloma

Promote cell adhesion to stromal cells, transendothelial migration, and in vivo metastasis, not affect proliferation

–

–

–

[73]

2018

NSCLC

Promote proliferation, migration, and EMT process

–

–

–

[75]

2020

Bladder Cancer

Inhibit growth and invasion

–

PI3K/AKT

–

[72]

2022

Osteosarcoma

Promote migration, invasion, EMT and metastasis

β1 integrin

FAK/SRC/RAS/ERK

–

TSPAN8

TSPAN8

[45]

2013

Rat PDAC

Promote metastasis

–

MMP9/13

–

[16]

2019

BC

Promote stemness and drug resistance

PTCH1

Heghog signaling

–

[19]

2019

BC

Promote MET, cell–cell adhesion and EV production; inhibit motility

p120

β-cantenin

–

[43]

2019

Melanoma

Promote invasion

–

β-cantenin

b-cantenin

[41]

2020

CRC

Promote proliferation, migration and EMT process

–

–

LSD1

[103]

2020

PDAC

Promote endothelial cell maturation via EVs

–

–

–

[42]

2021

PDAC

Promote metastasis

–

–

SOX2

[44]

2021

Melanoma

Correlate with high metastatic risk and poor prognosis

–

–

–

[9]

2022

BC

Nuclear localization promotes invasion and metastasis

STAT3

STAT3 signaling

EGFR

TSPAN9

TSPAN9

[70]

2016

GC

Inhibit proliferation and migration

–

ERK1/2 MMP2

–

TSPAN12

TSPAN12

[49]

2014

BC

Inhibit tumor growth, while promote metastasis

–

canonical Wnt-pathway signaling

–

[76]

2017

SCLC

Promote chemoresistance, proliferation and tumor growth

–

–

miR-495

[48]

2017

CRC

Promote proliferation, migration and invasion, in vivo tumor growth, while reduce cell apoptosis

–

–

–

[50]

2018

NSCLC

Promote proliferation, and in vivo tumor growth, while increase apoptosis

–

p53

–

[77]

2020

NSCLC

Inhibit tumor growth

–

–

miR-196b-5p

TSPAN13

TSPAN13

[66]

2018

Sarcoma

Promote invasion, and inhibit apoptosis

–

EMT

h-TERT

TSPAN15

TSPAN15

[14]

2018

ESCC

Promote metastasis

BTRC

NF-kB

miR-339-5p

[17]

2019

HCC

Promote proliferation

ADAM10

ERK1/2 and CTGF secretion

–

[56]

2019

ESCC

Promote invasion and migration, did not affect proliferation

–

increase ADAM10 at cell surface, and β-catenin activation

–

CD151

TSPAN24

[53]

2008

BC

Promote migration and invasion

α6

EGFR/FAK

–

[45]

2013

Rat PDAC

Promote metastasis

–

integrin

–

[55]

2021

NSCLC

Promote migration and invasion

α3β1

EGFR

–

[111]

2021

TNBC

Increased in EVs

–

–

–

[80]

2022

Osteosarcoma

Promote tumor growth

–

c-Myc/ SPTCL1 /sphingolipid synthesis

–

CD37

TSPAN26

[85]

2016

BCL

Predicts favorable prognosis

–

–

–

[15]

2016

BCL

Inhibit tumor development

SOCSS3

IL-6 signaling

–

[12]

2022

BCL

Inhibit proliferation

FATP1

inhibit FA metabolism

–

CD82

TSPAN27

[67]

2000

NSCLC

Inhibit metastasis

EGFR

EGFR endosytosis

–

[69]

2003

TCL/PC

Inhibit migration

EWI2

–

–

[92]

2014

AML

Enhance stemness

–

STAT5/IL10

–

[102]

2020

AML

Promote daunorubicin resistance

–

PKC/integrin b/p38

–

[22]

2020

OVC

Inhibit migration and etastasis

–

–

glycosylation by MGAT3

[68]

2021

Breast epithelia

Increase adhesion and lamapodia, and inhibit migration

–

YAP

–

CD81

TSPAN28

[99]

2020

ALL

Enhance chemoresistance

–

BTK

–

[58]

2021

TNBC

Promote metastasis

–

–

–

[100]

2021

GBM

Ehance radioresistance

–

Rad51 translocation

–

[18]

2022

TNBC

Promote stemness and metastasis

CD44

EV integrity

–

CD9

TSPAN29

[59]

2012

BC

Overexpressed in bone metastases

–

–

–

[61]

2014

BC

Promote mitosis; Nuclear localization

–

–

–

[11]

2019

PDAC

Enhance stemness

ASCT2

glutamine uptake

–

[60]

2020

BC

Promote migration and in vivo tumor growth, but not tumor initiation or metastasis

–

–

miR-518f-5p

[90 ]

2021

AML

Promote chemoresistance and stemness

–

–

–

[81]

2022

CRC

-

ADAM10

Notch signaling

–

CD63

TSPAN30

[13]

2014

BC

Promote docetaxel resistance

MDR1

–

glycosylation

[71]

2014

Melanoma

Inhibit cell motility, invasion and in vivo tumor growth

–

–

–

TSPAN31

TSPAN31

[65]

2017

HCC

Promote migration, but not affect proliferation

–

PI3K/AKT

miR-135b

[82]

2020

Cervical cancer

Inhibit proliferation

–

natural antisense transcript to inhibit CDK4 expression

–

[63]

2022

GC

Promote proliferation and migration

–

METTL1/CCT2

–

[64]

2022

GC

Promote proliferation, migration and chemoresistance

–

PI3K/AKT ABCC2

–