Fig. 3

DMI-treatment reduces the expression level of inflammatory cytokines during various mycobacterial infections. A Mtb (MOI 3)-infected BMDMs were incubated in the freshly changed media treated with SC or 100 μM of DMI. Cells were lysed at the indicated time points (3, 6, or 18 h) and used to qRT-PCR analysis to estimate the expression level of Il1b and Il6. B The supernatants from the BMDMs infected with Mtb (left panel), BCG (mid panel), or Mav (right panel) were harvested at 18 h post-infection and used to ELISA to examine the cytokine level of IL-6 and IL-10. Statistical analysis was conducted with one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons (A) and unpaired Student’s t-test (B). Data shown as means ± SD from two independent experiments conducted in triplicate. DMI, dimethyl itaconate. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001