Table 3 Therapeutic action of IGF-1 on MetS-related neurological diseases

1

C57BL/6J mice/HFD/PEG-IGF-1

IGF-1 reduced anxiety-like depressive behavior and improved mitochondrial function via CREB/PGC-1α pathway

[183]

2

C57BL6/J mice/HFD LID mice (subcutaneous hIGF-1, 5 μg/kg/day)

IGF-1 increased sAPPα/sAPPβ ratio, increased peripheral Aβ clearance

[6]

3

Male C57BL/6J rats/HFD/HT22 cell line IGF-1, 1 mg/kg/4 weeks

IGF-1 enhanced cognition in HFD rats and inhibited inflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/CREB pathway

[7]

4

Male Sprague–Dawley rats Adult Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats C57BL/6J mice hIGF-1, 20 µg/IP

IGF-1 increased CEBPβ overexpression, promoted neurite outgrowth, and mitochondrial respiration in diabetic animal models

[29]

5

Male Sprague–Dawley rats/STZ/IGF-1, 20 μg/subcutaneously

IGF-1 activates and upregulates AMPK to improve mitochondrial function, ATP synthesis, mtDNA copies, and ETS expression levels

[215]

6

R6/2 mice/IGF-1

Continuous peripheral administration of IGF-1 partially recovers plasma IGF-1 levels, inhibits HD-related glucose intolerance, protects from weight loss, and improves paw clasping scores

[8]

7

Male C57BL/6 N mice/STZ IGF1-AAV

IGF-1 improved motor function and reduced muscle atrophy and demyelination of the peripheral motor nerve fibers

[128]

8

STZ/MCAo model/IGF-1

Decreased lesion volume (CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus and cortex) and reduced apoptosis

[216]

9

Sprague–Dawley rats/STZ/IGF-1

Prevented alteration of coenzymes (Q₉ and Q₁₀) and improved the antioxidant mechanism in diabetes-induced rat’s brain, liver, and kidney

[217]

10

IGF-1 Tg mice bred with IRS-1 null mutant (IRS-1^−/−)

IGF-1 overexpression increased brain weight (43%) and promoted oligodendrocyte development and myelination

[130]

11

Male Sprague–Dawley rats/STZ/sc cell line-10 nM IGF-1

SCs are effectively protected against glucose-induced apoptosis by IGF-1

[218]