Fig. 3

EF stimulation activated PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in NSCs. A, B EF stimulation increased phosphorylation of PI3K. C–F. EF stimulation increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β at Ser9, and expression of β-catenin in NSC nuclei. G, H. EF stimulation increased nuclear translocation of β-catenin. I. Schematic diagram of EF stimulation induced PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway activation in NSCs. Scale bar: 10 μm. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01 were considered as significantly different between EF and NoEF groups