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Fig. 7 | Cell & Bioscience

Fig. 7

From: Photobiomodulation improves the synapses and cognitive function and ameliorates epileptic seizure by inhibiting downregulation of Nlgn3

Fig. 7

Investigation of genes upregulated by tPBM and confirmation of tPBM protection against PI-induced synaptic degeneration in the hippocampus in vivo. A Principal component analysis (PCA) of RNA-seq data. Sham (control), tPBM, PI, and PI + tPBM groups are plotted on the PCA plot according to their overall gene expression profiles. B Upregulated and downregulated biological pathways in the bar plots were identified using Metascape [37] with the DEGs. C Quantitative analysis of Nlgn3 gene expression by TPM level. D Nlgn3 of the hippocampus in mouse was analyzed by western blotting with anti-Nlgn3 antibody. Full-length blots/gels are presented in Additional file 1: Fig. S6. E In the bar graph, quantification of the normalized band intensities (ratio of Nlgn3 protein to β-actin) indicated that Nlgn3 significantly increased in the presence of tPBM. F Representative TEM images of synapses of the hippocampus after PI and tPBM. Yellow arrows indicate distinct synapses. The scale bars indicate 1 μm. G, H Bar graphs show that the number of synapses and synaptic vesicles (SVs) of hippocampus were significantly changed by PI and tPBM. Bar graph shows that number of synapses and SVs were significantly altered by PI and tPBM. I, J Representative immunofluorescent images and quantification for Nlgn3 (red) after PI and tPBM. The scale bars indicate 20 μm. Bar graph shows that puncta of neuroligin-3 in CA1 were significantly altered by PI and tPBM. All data are expressed as the mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 compared with PI (ANOVA with the Bonferroni test)

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