Fig. 2

Bmal1-mediated neuronal activity and involved neural circuits. A simplified overview of the relationship between the TTFL and neuronal activity. SCN neuronal activity is controlled by a combination of ion channels and signaling pathways. SCN neurons communicate through synapses, various activation factors, and possibly gap junctions to produce rhythms. Astrocyte regulation of rhythms relies on the regulation of glial transmitters such as Glu, ATP, ASP, and Gly. The regulation of Glu release is closely related to oscillations of the GABAergic network. TTFL: Transcription/Translation Feedback Loop; Glu: glutamate; VIP: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide; GRP: Gastrin Releasing Peptide; AVP: Arginine Vasopressin; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; ASP: Aspartic Acid; Gly: Glycine; VPAC2: Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 2; VGCC: Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel; NMDAR: N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; GABAR: γ-aminobutyric acid receptor; GAT: GABA transporter